Oriel Noetics

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The Oriel Noetics is a term now applied to a group of early 19th-century dons of the University of Oxford closely associated with Oriel College. John Tulloch in 1885 wrote about them as the "early Oriel school" of theologians, the contrast being with the Tractarians, also strongly based in Oriel. [1]

University of Oxford university in Oxford, United Kingdom

The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's second-oldest university in continuous operation after the University of Bologna. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two 'ancient universities' are frequently jointly called 'Oxbridge'. The history and influence of the University of Oxford has made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.

John Tulloch Scottish theologian

John Tulloch was a Scottish theologian.

Contents

The Noetics were moderate freethinkers and reformers within the Church of England. In terms of Anglican religious parties, the Noetics were High Church opponents of evangelicalism, but adhered also to a rationalism from the previous century. [2] They advocated for a "national religion" or national church, [3] and in their own view stood for orthodoxy rather than liberalism. [4] In politics, they were associated with the Whigs, and influenced prominent statesmen such as Lord John Russell, Viscount Morpeth, and Thomas Spring Rice. [5]

Freethought is an epistemological viewpoint which holds that positions regarding truth should be formed only on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism, rather than authority, tradition, revelation, or dogma. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a freethinker is "a person who forms their own ideas and opinions rather than accepting those of other people, especially in religious teaching." In some contemporary thought in particular, freethought is strongly tied with rejection of traditional social or religious belief systems. The cognitive application of freethought is known as "freethinking", and practitioners of freethought are known as "freethinkers". Modern freethinkers consider freethought as a natural freedom of all negative and illusive thoughts acquired from the society.

Church of England Anglican state church of England

The Church of England is the established church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric, although the monarch is the supreme governor. The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century, and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury.

Evangelicalism, evangelical Christianity, or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide, trans-denominational movement within Protestant Christianity which maintains the belief that the essence of the Gospel consists of the doctrine of salvation by grace through faith in Jesus's atonement. Evangelicals believe in the centrality of the conversion or "born again" experience in receiving salvation, in the authority of the Bible as God's revelation to humanity, and in spreading the Christian message. The movement has had a long presence in the Anglosphere before spreading further afield in the 19th, 20th and early 21st centuries.

Distinctively, the Noetics combined natural theology with political economy. Their approach had something in common with that of Thomas Chalmers, and had much support at the time outside the college in Oxford, and more widely. [6]

Natural theology, once also termed physico-theology, is a type of theology that provides arguments for the existence of God based on reason and ordinary experience of nature.

Political economy Study of production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government

Political economy is the study of production and trade and their relations with law, custom and government; and with the distribution of national income and wealth. As a discipline, political economy originated in moral philosophy, in the 18th century, to explore the administration of states' wealth, with "political" signifying the Greek word polity and "economy" signifying the Greek word "okonomie". The earliest works of political economy are usually attributed to the British scholars Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo, although they were preceded by the work of the French physiocrats, such as François Quesnay (1694–1774) and Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot (1727–1781).

Thomas Chalmers Scottish mathematician and a leader of the Free Church of Scotland

Thomas Chalmers, was a Scottish minister, professor of theology, political economist, and a leader of both the Church of Scotland and of the Free Church of Scotland. He has been called "Scotland's greatest nineteenth-century churchman".

The Noetics at Oriel

Oriel College at the beginning of the 19th century had a policy of recruitment of Fellows on merit, disregarding both patronage and examination classes in search of intellectual calibre. [7] The college was also abstemious, compared with the others, and the "Oriel teapot" became proverbial. [8]

Prominent Noetics who were directly associated with Oriel included the successive Provosts John Eveleigh and Edward Copleston. Others who were Fellows of the College for some period were Thomas Arnold, Joseph Blanco White, Renn Dickson Hampden, Edward Hawkins, and Richard Whately. Baden Powell was an undergraduate at Oriel. [9] John Davison was excluded from the group of Noetics when William Tuckwell wrote about them in the early 20th century, but is counted by Richard Brent in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . [10] [11]

John Eveleigh (Oriel) English churchman, academic and Oriel College provost

John Eveleigh (1748–1814) was an English churchman and academic, Provost of Oriel College, Oxford, from 1781.

Edward Copleston British bishop

Edward Copleston was an English churchman and academic, Provost of Oriel College, Oxford from 1814 till 1828 and Bishop of Llandaff from 1827.

Thomas Arnold English educator and historian

Thomas Arnold was an English educator and historian. Arnold was an early supporter of the Broad Church Anglican movement. He was the headmaster of Rugby School from 1828 to 1841, where he introduced a number of reforms that were widely copied by other prestigious public schools. His reforms redefined standards of masculinity and achievement.

Relationship with the High Church men

The Edinburgh Review called Oriel under Copleston "the school of speculative philosophy in England". [12] Copleston was seen by Edward William Grinfield in 1821 as undermining the orthodox Anglicanism of Joseph Butler's natural theology. He took care to rebut this charge; and Grinfield in the British Critic was represented as over-impressed by Oriel's reputation. Baden Powell remained close to his High Church roots, an ally of the Hackney Phalanx. [13] [14]

The Edinburgh Review has been the title of four distinct intellectual and cultural magazines. The best known, longest-lasting, and most influential of the four was the third, which was published regularly from 1802 to 1929.

Edward William Grinfield (1785–1864) was an English biblical scholar.

Joseph Butler English bishop, philosopher

Joseph Butler was an English bishop, theologian, apologist, and philosopher. He was born in Wantage in the English county of Berkshire. He is known, among other things, for his critique of Deism, Thomas Hobbes's egoism, and John Locke's theory of personal identity. Butler influenced many philosophers and religious thinkers, including David Hume, Thomas Reid, Adam Smith, Henry Sidgwick, John Henry Newman, and C. D. Broad, and is widely considered "as one of the preeminent English moralists." He also played an important, though under appreciated, role in the development of eighteenth-century economic discourse, greatly influencing the Dean of Gloucester and political economist Josiah Tucker. Notable descents

John Henry Overton argued that Copleston was his own man, not attached to a church party; and that his leaving Oxford in 1827 as a bishop removed his influence. [15] A split in views developed in the run-up to the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, which left the Oriel group and the diehard Hackney Phalanx on opposite sides of the question, Baden Powell siding with the reforming views of others in the college. [16]

Relationship with the Tractarians

The rise of the "Oxford Movement" proved very divisive within Oriel College, where John Keble, John Henry Newman and Hurrell Froude held positions. The successor to Copleston as Provost was Hawkins. By 1833 the fellowship split with four fellows opposed to the incipient Tractarian moves, while more were broadly supportive. [17] Hawkins was an early influence on Newman, but his election (defeating Keble) blocked internal changes to college teaching in 1831, which Newman, Froude and Robert Wilberforce wished to have more of a pastoral content; [18] the other tutor of the time, Joseph Dornford, supported Hawkins. [19]

Political economy

The Noetics stood for a degree of curriculum reform in the university, in the form of optional courses. As part of this drive, Copleston and Whately in 1831 introduced a course on political economy, treated in the context of natural theology. It drew on Whately's Elements of Logic, which had an appendix on political economy by Nassau Senior. [20] Whately was Drummond Professor of Political Economy for a year after Senior, but left Oxford in 1831. [21]

Social policy

It has been claimed that the composition of the Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws 1832 was heavily slanted towards followers of the Noetics. Among reformers involved named as aligned with the Noetics and their views are William Sturges Bourne, Walter Coulson, and Henry Gawler. Edwin Chadwick, an assistant commissioner, had contributed to the London Review founded as an organ for the Noetics. [22]

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Oriel College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in Oxford, England. Located in Oriel Square, the college has the distinction of being the oldest royal foundation in Oxford. In recognition of this royal connection, the college has also been known as King's College and King's Hall. The reigning monarch of the United Kingdom is the official Visitor of the College.

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References

  1. ↑ Stuart G. Hall (26 February 2009). Jesus Christ Today: Studies of Christology in Various Contexts. Proceedings of the Académie Internationale des Sciences Religieuses, Oxford 25–29 August 2006 and Princeton 25–30 August 2007. Walter de Gruyter. p. 142 notes. ISBN   978-3-11-021277-8 . Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  2. ↑ Michael George Brock; Mark Charles Curthoys (1997). 19th Century Oxford. Oxford University Press. p. 73. ISBN   978-0-19-951016-0 . Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  3. ↑ Arthur Burns; Joanna Innes (13 November 2003). Rethinking the Age of Reform: Britain 1780-1850. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. ISBN   978-0-521-82394-4 . Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  4. ↑ John Walsh; Colin Haydon; Stephen Taylor (7 October 1993). The Church of England c.1689-c.1833: From Toleration to Tractarianism. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN   978-0-521-41732-7 . Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  5. ↑ Curthoys, Mark C. (1997). Nineteenth-century Oxford, Part 1. Clarendon Press. p. 74.
  6. ↑ Peter Mandler, Tories and Paupers: Christian Political Economy and the Making of the New Poor Law, The Historical Journal, Vol. 33, No. 1, Mar., 1990, Cambridge University Press, p. 86 note 20; Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639392.
  7. ↑ Nigel F. B. Allington; Noel W. Thompson (25 October 2010). English, Irish and Subversives Among the Dismal Scientists. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 202. ISBN   978-0-85724-061-3 . Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  8. ↑ Ursula Aylmer; Carolyn McCrum (1995). Oxford Food: An Anthology. Ashmolean Museum. p. 148. ISBN   978-1-85444-058-7 . Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  9. ↑ Terence Copley (23 April 2002). Black Tom: Arnold of Rugby: The Myth and the Man. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 187–8. ISBN   978-0-8264-6705-8 . Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  10. ↑ Tod E. Jones (1 July 2003). The Broad Church: A Biography of a Movement. Lexington Books. p. 56. ISBN   978-0-7391-0611-2 . Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  11. ↑ Brent, Richard. "Davison, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7303.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  12. ↑ Maurice Cross (1835). Selections from the Edinburgh review: comprising the best articles in that journal, from its commencement to the present time. With a preliminary dissertation, and explanatory notes. Baudry's European Library. p. 301 note. Retrieved 11 December 2012. This was in a review of a supplement by Dugald Stewart to the Encyclopædia Britannica .
  13. ↑ Pietro Corsi (26 May 1988). Science and Religion: Baden Powell and the Anglican Debate, 1800-1860. Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–8. ISBN   978-0-521-24245-5 . Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  14. ↑ The British Critic. F. and C. Rivington. 1822. pp. 1–20. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  15. ↑ John Henry Overton, The English Church in the Nineteenth Century, 1800-1833 (1893), p. 117;archive.org.
  16. ↑ Corsi, Pietro. "Powell, Baden". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22642.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  17. ↑ C. Brad Faught (1 January 2004). The Oxford Movement: A Thematic History of the Tractarians and Their Times. Penn State Press. p. 85. ISBN   978-0-271-02394-6 . Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  18. ↑ "Hawkins, Edward (1789-1882)"  . Dictionary of National Biography . London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  19. ↑ Brian Martin (30 January 2001). John Henry Newman: His Life and Work. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 43. ISBN   978-0-8264-4993-1 . Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  20. ↑ James Gasser (30 September 2000). A Boole Anthology: Recent and Classical Studies in the Logic of George Boole. Springer. p. 145. ISBN   978-0-7923-6380-4 . Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  21. ↑ "Whately, Richard"  . Dictionary of National Biography . London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  22. ↑ John Offer (2006). An Intellectual History of British Social Policy: Idealism Versus Non-Idealism. The Policy Press. p. 14. ISBN   978-1-86134-531-8 . Retrieved 11 December 2012.
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