PA-7100LC

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A PA-7100LC microprocessor. KL HP PA RISC 7100LC.jpg
A PA-7100LC microprocessor.

The PA-7100LC is a microprocessor that implements the PA-RISC 1.1 instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Hewlett-Packard (HP). It is also known as the PCX-L, and by its code-name, Hummingbird. It was designed as a low-cost microprocessor for low-end systems. [1] The first systems to feature the PA-7100LC were introduced in January 1994. These systems used 60 and 80 MHz clock rates. A 100 MHz part debuted in June 1994. The PA-7100LC was the first PA-RISC microprocessor to implement the MAX-1 multimedia instructions, an early single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) multimedia instruction set extension that provided instructions for improving the performance of MPEG video decoding.

Contents

Die shot of PA-7100LC HP PA-7100LC die.JPG
Die shot of PA-7100LC

The PA-7100LC was based on the PA-7100. Major improvements were improved superscalar execution and an extra integer unit. The PA-7100LC also implemented architectural improvements including the MAX-1 multimedia instructions, uncacheable memory pages, and bi-endian support. Superscalar execution was improved by adding the extra integer unit and modifying the control logic so that two integer instructions, two load–store unit operations, or an integer and a load or a store can be issued in one cycle in addition to the existing instruction combinations supported by the PA-7100.

A number of modifications were made to circuits derived from the PA-7100LC. Prominently, the floating-point unit multiplier was modified to take up less area by halving the tree of carry-save adders that summed the partial products of the mantissa. This simplification left the latency of single precision multiplies unchanged (two cycles), but increased the latency of double-precision multiplies to three cycles. The performance loss was deemed acceptable as the PA-7100LC was designed for mid-range multimedia workstations where single-precision multiplies are more prevalent. Integrated on-die to lower costs is a memory controller that supports up to 2 GB of memory and an I/O controller.

The organization of the caches is different from that of most HP-designed PA-RISC CPUs. The large external instruction and data caches have been replaced by an on-die instruction cache with a 1 KB capacity and a large external 8 KB to 2 MB cache. The external cache is unified, containing both instructions and data. [1]

The PA-7100LC consists of 900,000 transistors and measures 14.2 by 14.2 mm for an area of 201.64 mm2. It was fabricated by HP in their 0.8 μm three-level metal CMOS26B process. The PA-7100LC is packaged in a 432-pin ceramic pin grid array.

PA-7300LC

A PA-7300LC microprocessor. KL HP PA RISC 7300.jpg
A PA-7300LC microprocessor.

The PA-7300LC was a further development of the PA-7100LC. It was introduced in mid-1996 as a low-end to mid-range microprocessor complementing the high-end PA-8000 in HP's workstations and servers. The PA-7300LC integrates an improved PA-7100LC, 64 KB instruction and data caches, L2 cache controller, memory controller and a GSC bus controller onto a single chip. It was the first PA-RISC microprocessor to include any significant amount of on-chip cache. The L2 unified cache was optional and could be protected by parity. It could be built from register-to-register, flow-through or asynchronous SRAM.

Die shot of PA-7300LC. HP PA-7300LC die.JPG
Die shot of PA-7300LC.

The PA-7300LC contained 9.2 million transistors, of which 1.2 million are used in logic and 8 million are used in the caches; and measured 15.3 by 17.0 mm for an area of 260.1 mm2. It was fabricated by HP in their CMOS14C process, a 0.5 μm, 3.3 V, four-layer-metal CMOS process.

This design includes a famous "silicon doodle" of a velociraptor dinosaur (visible here in upper right corner of the die shot image). [2]

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References

  1. 1 2 Rockman, Simon (April 1994). "Six of the best". Personal Computer World. pp. 464–468, 470, 472.
  2. ↑ "Molecular Expressions: The Silicon Zoo - Velociraptor". micro.magnet.fsu.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-17.

Hummingbird: A Low-Cost Superscaler PA_RISC Processor, lecture by Stephen Undy

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