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References
- 1 2 3 "Population: Slavery". Canadian Museum of History . Archived from the original on 2019-03-24. Retrieved 2019-06-15.
In Canada, the majority of slaves were not of African, but rather of Aboriginal origin. Native populations customarily subjugated war captives before the arrival of the French, but this practice acquired new meanings and unprecedented proportions in the context of western expansion. Beginning in the 1670s, the French began to receive captives from their Aboriginal partners as tokens of friendship during commercial and diplomatic exchanges. The Illinois were notorious for the raids which they led against nations to the southeast and from which they brought back captives. By the early eighteenth century, the practice of buying and selling these captives like merchandise was established.
- ↑ Robert Everett-Green (2014-02-28). "200 years a slave: the dark history of captivity in Canada". The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 2019-06-15. Retrieved 2019-06-15.
Many in Quebec had to be content with captives stolen or bought from indigenous peoples, some of whom practiced slavery before the Europeans arrived. About two-thirds of the slaves in Quebec were native people, mostly from the Pawnee nations of modern-day Nebraska, whose French Canadian name – Panis – became a synonym for an indigenous slave of any origin.
- ↑ Signa A. Daum Shanks (2013). "A Story of Marguerite: A Tale about Panis, Case Comment, and Social History". Native Studies Review . Vol. 22, no. 1. Retrieved 2019-06-15.
As typically experienced by other slaves in the New World, panis were not considered persons with respect to legal rights, but they could still be evaluated under the law in criminal matters.
- ↑ George E. Hyde (1988). The Pawnee Indians. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780806120942 . Retrieved 2019-06-15.
The raiders carried off such great numbers of Pawnees into slavery that in the country on and east of the upper Mississippi the name Pani developed a new meaning: slave. The French adopted this meaning, and Indian slaves, no matter from which tribe they had been taken, were presently being termed Panis.
- ↑ Woodson, Carter Godwin; Logan, Rayford Whittingham (1920). The Journal of Negro History. Association for the Study of Negro Life and History.
- 1 2 Hyde, George E. (1974). The Pawnee Indians. Internet Archive. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806110653.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lawrence, Bonita (8 May 2020). "Enslavement of Indigenous People in Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ↑ Trudel, Marcel (1960). L 'esclavage au Canada français. Les presses universitaires Laval, p. 77.
- ↑ Trudel, Marcel; d'Allaire, Micheline (2013) [1963]. Canada's Forgotten Slaves. Translated by George Tombs. Véhicule Press. p. 64.
- ↑ Beasley, David R. (2004). The Canadian Don Quixote: The Life and Works of Major John Richardson, Canada's First Novelist. David Beasley. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-915317-18-9.