Pasteur Institute of Iran is a medical research center located in Tehran, Iran. The institute is one of the oldest leading research and public health centers in Iran and the Middle East, established in 1920 following an agreement between the Institute Pasteur of Paris and the Iranian government. The Pasteur Institute of Iran was developed with the help of a land donation from Abdol-Hossein Farmanfarma.[2] Its mission is to support advanced research and to provide innovative programs in basic and applied medical sciences, and production of biopharmaceuticals and diagnostic kits with special emphasis on infectious diseases. It meets the specialized and scientific health demands of the local community and tries to establish a link between applied research and industry. Pasteur Institute is a leading regional facility in the development and manufacture of vaccines. The institute has a total staff of 1300 in its 28 departments and 5 branches in different cities of Iran, which are active in different areas of medical and pharmaceutical biotechnology. There are about 300 PhDs and M.Sc. graduates.[3]
This institute is a center that provides public health services and has played a significant role in the prevention and control of infectious diseases in Iran and the world during approximate one hundred years of its activities [4]
After the World War I, as Iran was involved in famine and infectious diseases, an agreement was signed between the Pasteur Institute of Paris and the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs on January 20, 1920, thereby establishing the 10th Pasteur Institute on the International Pasteur Institute's network. Abdol-Hossein Farmanfarma formed the agreement and ensured its subsequent implementation in his brief tenure as Prime Minister of Persia. He made a personal donation of land and buildings to the institute. The first Pasteur Institute, 32 years earlier, had been founded in 1887 in Paris. Louis Pasteur's goal was to establish branches of the Pasteur Institute for fighting infectious diseases worldwide.[5]
In the years before World War II, when the number of laboratories was scarce, most of the country's health problems were resolved through the Pasteur Institute of Iran. Pasteur Institute of Iran is also the first medical institute and research center in the country.
In 1946 a new scientific cooperation agreement was signed between Pasteur Institute of Paris and Pasteur Institute of Iran, based on which Pasteur Institute of Iran became financially and administratively independent. At this time, Dr. Marcel Baltazard came to Tehran as the fourth and last French director. Dr. Baltazard was the director of Pasteur Institute of Iran until 1961 and changed various structures and activities of Pasteur Institute of Iran. After that, he continued to serve as a scientific advisor to Pasteur Institute of Iran until 1966.[6]
Early activities of the institute
Employees of the Pasteur Institute of Iran at the time of establishment; from right to left: Dr. Ahmad Najmabadi, Dr. Abdollah Hamedi, Dr. Seyed Hassan Mirdamadi, Teymour Mirza Dolatshahi, Seyed Reza, Dr. Mehdi Zorriasateyn.
In the early years of its establishment, Pasteur Institute of Iran consisted of departments of epidemiology, smallpox, virology, tuberculosis, chemistry, rabies, microbiology, vaccination, inoculants, and BCG.[4]
With the establishment of Pasteur Institute of Iran, inoculants and smallpox vaccines have become common in the country. The vaccines produced by Pasteur Institute of Iran also covered other countries in the region such as Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Egypt. In the following years, researchers at Pasteur Institute of Iran played an important role in the eradication of smallpox in the Middle East.[7]
Dr. Abolghasem Bahrami went to the Pasteur Institute in Paris in early 1922 and returned to Tehran with a historic Pasteur strain and set up the rabies department at the Pasteur Institute of Iran. Rabies was a serious health problem in the country at the time. The concurrent method of injecting serum and vaccine, demonstrated by Pasteur Institute of Iran, was soon included in the World Health Organization's guidelines for treatment and prevention of rabies. Only with this intervention, Pasteur Institute of Iran could be considered as one of the saviors of humanity. Due to the valuable services of the rabies department at the regional and international level, in 1973, it was selected as the WHO collaborating center for rabies control and research.[8]
BCG department was also established after World War II, and 238 million children from 22 countries used the BCG vaccine produced in Pasteur Institute of Iran. Early in the establishment of Pasteur Institute of Iran, the study of tuberculosis began in the country. After Pasteur Institute of Iran raised the issue of combating tuberculosis in 1952, the TB control organization was set up in the country.
Some viral diseases, such as polio, have also been studied since the institute's establishment. One of the most important indigenous microbial diseases in Iran was typhoid fever. Pasteur Institute of Iran, since its first years of establishment, developed an anti-typhoid vaccine based on native microbes.
During the first fifty years of establishment of Pasteur Institute of Iran, numerous cholera epidemics occurred in Iran, and Pasteur Institute of Iran became the largest cholera vaccine production platform. With the cholera vaccine made in Pasteur Institute of Iran, the vaccine shortage at the Pasteur Institute of Paris was also compensated.[4]
The Department of Epidemiology started new scientific activities in the country. It became a practical epidemiology training center in the country, bringing Iranian and foreign researchers to the study areas and teaching them how to do research. One of the diseases that were pandemic during World War II and caused many casualties was the recurrent fever. The continuous research in the Department of Epidemiology helped to control this disease in the country.[9] In the year 1946, the plague outbreak reported in Kurdistan Province of Iran. The Department of Epidemiology conducted extensive studies by qualified experts, provided field labs over the years, and controlled the disease in the west and northwest of the country. In the plague outbreaks of 1946 to 1965, many people were rescued from death by Pasteur Institute of Iran expeditionary groups.[10][11][12]
At the same time, with the establishment of the Department of chemistry, injecting serums provided great help to the medical centers of the country. The blood unit in this department also carried out scientific studies in this field.[4]
Research groups from Pasteur Institute of Iran, in the early decades of establishment, also conducted studies on other common infectious diseases in Iran, such as arboviruses and tularemia.[13]
During its career, Pasteur Institute of Iran has also been the founder of numerous other scientific movements, including the establishment of the Leprosy treatment center, the establishment of the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization, and the disinfection of Tehran's water.[14][15]
Waqf
The tradition of waqf (Islamic donation) has played an important role in the establishment and promotion of the Pasteur Institute of Iran. In 1923, the late Abdul Hossein Mirza Farmanfarmaian dedicated the land to the Pasteur Institute of Iran for the construction of a new building. Other branches of the institute in Tehran are also based in Shemiranat (donated by the late Sabar Mirza Farmanfarmaian) and Ghaem Magham Street (donated by the late Zabihullah MommayezZadeh) and the branches of Amol (donated by the late Zahra Tajer Mashaei) and Akanlu in Hamedan (donated by the late Manouchehr Gharezloo) are also established based on Waqf.[8]
Biotechnology activities
Since the early 1970s, with the start of the Medical Biotechnology Ph.D. Training Course, steps have been taken to develop biopharmaceuticals by recombinant DNA technologies at Pasteur Institute of Iran.
Over time, the Pasteur Institute of Iran's research departments have been added to suit the needs of the community, and today the Institute continues to operate with six research groups and 20 research departments.[8]
Karaj Production Complex
Pasteur Institute of Iran, alongside the Razi Institute, is one of the pillars of human vaccine production in the country. Due to the growing need for vaccines, recombinant products, and injectable solutions, Karaj Production Complex started its activities in 1988. Since the past 100 years, Pasteur Institute of Iran has been able to control various infectious diseases, including smallpox, cholera, rabies, hepatitis B and tuberculosis by producing numerous vaccines and effective health interventions, and has produced other vaccines such as typhoid, anthrax, gonorrhea, and typhus, and has planned to produce pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines.
The Pasteur Institute Amol
The North Research Center (NRC) of Pasteur is one of the institutions of the Pasteur Institute of Iran, which was established with the efforts of a group of sponsors in the city of Amol in an area of 23,000 square meters in Amol city in 1994 and now includes about 5000 square meters of physical space containing specialized diagnostic and research laboratories.
Other branches of the institute
In 1952, during a plague epidemic in western area of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran founded a health research center in Akanlu, a village located between Zanjan, Kurdistan and Hamadan. As a result of the foundation of this center, the various teams of Pasteur Institute of Iran were able to deal with the control of the plague endemic in there via taken effective strategies. This research center is now called the Research Center for Emerging and Re emerging Infection Diseases. [citation needed]
Educational programs
Pasteur Institute of Iran is currently offering a Ph.D. in four disciplines.
Publications
Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
The Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (or JoMMID) is an official scientific quarterly publication of the institute. It is an open accesspeer reviewedacademic journal published in English since November 2013 and approved by the Ministerial Commission for Accreditation of Iranian Medical Journals on October 19, 2014.[16]
Vaccine Research is an international open accesspeer reviewedacademic journal open-access peer-reviewed journal in English that publishes original research papers, review papers, and clinical studies related to all aspects of vaccinology. This interdisciplinary journal publishes the original high-quality research papers that contribute to the field of vaccinology - all original paper submissions across basic and clinical medical research, vaccine manufacturing, history, public policy, behavioral science and ethics, social sciences, safety, and other related areas are welcomed.[17]
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and recognize further and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
Pierre Paul Émile Roux FRS was a French physician, bacteriologist and immunologist. Roux was one of the closest collaborators of Louis Pasteur (1822–1895), a co-founder of the Pasteur Institute, and responsible for the institute's production of the anti-diphtheria serum, the first effective therapy for this disease. Additionally, he investigated cholera, chicken-cholera, rabies, and tuberculosis. Roux is regarded as a founder of the field of immunology.
The Pasteur Institute is a French non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, micro-organisms, diseases, and vaccines. It is named after Louis Pasteur, who invented pasteurization and vaccines for anthrax and rabies. The institute was founded on 4 June 1887 and inaugurated on 14 November 1888.
The Instituto Butantan is a Brazilian biologic research center located in Butantã, in the western part of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Instituto Butantan is a public institution affiliated with the São Paulo State Secretariat of Health and considered one of the major scientific centers in the world. Butantan is the largest immunobiologicals and biopharmaceuticals producer in Latin America. It is world-renowned for its collection of venomous snakes, as well as those of venomous lizards, spiders, insects and scorpions. By extracting the reptiles' and insects' venoms, the Institute develops antivenoms and medicines against many diseases, which include tuberculosis, rabies, tetanus and diphtheria.
Stanley Alan Plotkin is an American physician who works as a consultant to vaccine manufacturers, such as Sanofi Pasteur, as well as biotechnology firms, non-profits and governments. In the 1960s, he played a pivotal role in discovery of a vaccine against rubella virus while working at Wistar Institute in Philadelphia. Plotkin was a member of Wistar’s active research faculty from 1960 to 1991. Today, in addition to his emeritus appointment at Wistar, he is emeritus professor of Pediatrics at the University of Pennsylvania. His book, Vaccines, is the standard reference on the subject. He is an editor with Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, which is published by the American Society for Microbiology in Washington, D.C.
Adolfo Lutz was a Brazilian physician, father of tropical medicine and medical zoology in Brazil, and a pioneer epidemiologist and researcher in infectious diseases.
Anthrax vaccines are vaccines to prevent the livestock and human disease anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis.
Sanofi Pasteur is the vaccines division of the French multinational pharmaceutical company Sanofi. Sanofi Pasteur is the largest company in the world devoted entirely to vaccines. It is one of four global producers of the yellow fever vaccine.
The Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, informally known as the Lister Institute, was established as a research institute in 1891, with bacteriologist Marc Armand Ruffer as its first director, using a grant of £250,000 from Edward Cecil Guinness of the Guinness family. It had premises in Chelsea in London, Sudbury in Suffolk, and Elstree in Hertfordshire, England. It was the first medical research charity in the United Kingdom. It was renamed the Jenner Institute in 1898 and then, in 1903, as the Lister Institute in honour of the great surgeon and medical pioneer, Dr Joseph Lister. In 1905, the institute became a school of the University of London.
The rabies vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rabies. There are several rabies vaccines available that are both safe and effective. Vaccinations must be administered prior to rabies virus exposure or within the latent period after exposure to prevent the disease. Transmission of rabies virus to humans typically occurs through a bite or scratch from an infectious animal, but exposure can occur through indirect contact with the saliva from an infectious individual.
Nikolay Fyodorovich Gamaleya was a Russian and Soviet physician and scientist who played a pioneering role in microbiology and vaccine research.
The French Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) and German Robert Koch (1843–1910) are the two greatest figures in medical microbiology and in establishing acceptance of the germ theory of disease. In 1882, fueled by national rivalry and a language barrier, the tension between Pasteur and the younger Koch erupted into an acute conflict.
Marcel Baltazard was a French physician and medical researcher. Known for his work on plague and rabies, he was the director of the Pasteur Institute of Iran from 1946 to 1961 and then head of the service of epidemiology in the Pasteur Institute of Paris.
Akanlu is a village in Mehraban-e Olya Rural District, Shirin Su District, Kabudarahang County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,487, in 334 families.
Infectious diseases (ID), also known as infectiology, is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of infections. An infectious diseases specialist's practice consists of managing nosocomial (healthcare-acquired) infections or community-acquired infections. An ID specialist investigates and determines the cause of a disease. Once the cause is known, an ID specialist can then run various tests to determine the best drug to treat the disease. While infectious diseases have always been around, the infectious disease specialty did not exist until the late 1900s after scientists and physicians in the 19th century paved the way with research on the sources of infectious disease and the development of vaccines.
Ira M. Longini is an American biostatistician and infectious disease epidemiologist.
The Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases is part of the Pasteur Institute of Iran.
Pasteur Institute of India, Coonoor is one of the pioneer institutes in India in the production of Anti Rabies Vaccine and DPT vaccine for the Expanded Programme of Immunization of Government of India. This institute started functioning as Pasteur Institute of Southern India, on 6 April 1907 and was officially opened by H. E. Sir Arthur Lawley, Governor of Madras, on 25 April 1907. The first President of the Society is Surgeon-General W.R. Browne, C.I.E., I.M.S., Surgeon-General with the Government of Madras. The first Honorary Secretary cum Director is Captain J.W. Cornwall, I.M.S., in his remembrance, the road starting from the adjacent area of main gate of the Pasteur Institute of India to Alwarpet named as Cornwall Road. The institute later renamed as Pasteur Institute of India and started functioning as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, from 10 February 1977. The affairs of the institute are managed by a governing body.
Roger I. Glass is an American physician-scientist who served as the Director of the John E. Fogarty International Center.
Animal vaccination is the immunisation of a domestic, livestock or wild animal. The practice is connected to veterinary medicine. The first animal vaccine invented was for chicken cholera in 1879 by Louis Pasteur. The production of such vaccines encounter issues in relation to the economic difficulties of individuals, the government and companies. Regulation of animal vaccinations is less compared to the regulations of human vaccinations. Vaccines are categorised into conventional and next generation vaccines. Animal vaccines have been found to be the most cost effective and sustainable methods of controlling infectious veterinary diseases. In 2017, the veterinary vaccine industry was valued at US$7 billion and it is predicted to reach US$9 billion in 2024.
↑ Mainbourg J, Yousefi Behzadi M. Marcel Baltazard: Adventure of Plague: Andishmand Press, Tehran, Iran; 2015.
↑ Keypour, M.; Yousefi Behzadi, M.; Mostafavi, E. (2017). "Remembering Marcel Baltazard, Great Researcher and the French President of Pasteur Institute of Iran". Archives of Iranian Medicine. 20 (8): 553–557. PMID28846021.
↑ Mostafavi, E.; Keypour, M. (2017). "The Life and Career of Dr. Mansour Shamsa, A Pioneer in Public Health". Archives of Iranian Medicine. 20 (5): 326–328. PMID28510470.
↑ Mahdavi, S.; Enayatrad, M.; Mp De Almeida, A.; Mostafavi, E. (2018). "In Memory of Dr. Mahmoud Bahmanyar, an International Researcher of the Pasteur Institute of Iran". Archives of Iranian Medicine. 21 (9): 428–433. PMID30221535.
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