Paul Neumann (1839 –July 2,1901) was a lawyer,politician,and diplomat in California and the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Born and educated in Prussia,Neumann and his twin brother Edward relocated to California in 1854. The brothers worked in the goldmines,where Paul broke his leg. [1]
Eventually,Edward relocated to New Orleans and Paul moved to San Francisco. He became a lawyer in California around 1864,and was elected to represent San Francisco for three terms in the California State Senate. [1] [2]
He worked for fellow-German American Claus Spreckels (1828–1908),who maintained a monopoly of the refining of sugar from Hawaii in California. Neuman met Hawaiian royalty when they would come to California to be entertained by Spreckels. [3] Neumann was the Republican Party of California's candidate for the United States House of Representatives in November 1882 for the San Francisco district. However,he was attacked by the San Francisco Chronicle as being a "sugar coated candidate",claiming he's being used by Spreckels,and was defeated in the election. In 1883,Neumann came to the Hawaiian Islands to serve as legal counsel for Spreckels who was now the publisher of the Honolulu Advertiser newspaper,first in the fall for a short visit. [4] He was one of the first Jewish leaders in the Hawaiian Islands, [5] although in later years he led a more secular life and did not raise his children in the Jewish faith. [6]
Being from Europe,Neumann was comfortable around a monarchy,and made friends with the other Europeans in the islands. [7] King David Kalākaua and other members of the government depended on loans from Spreckels to support their lifestyles. Within days of returning,Neumann was admitted to the bar and appointed as attorney general of the Kingdom of Hawaii,and a member of Kalākaua's Privy Council on December 14,1883. [8] Walter M. Gibson had been acting as attorney general,even though he had no legal training. The cabinet stayed intact until June 30,1886,when another combination (except Gibson) was brought in,probably at the suggestion of Spreckels. Neumann was sometimes attacked by the conservative press for his "bohemianism",including playing Poker with the king,which the missionaries thought was sinful. [4] He had been president of the Bohemian Club in San Francisco [9] Charles T. Gulick,although related to missionaries,also became a member of the Kalākaua cabinet as Minister of the Interior. [10]
In 1884 Neumann was appointed to the House of Nobles in the kingdom legislature,and the board of health. He served as envoy to Mexico in 1884,and investigated forming a consular office in San Francisco in 1885. Under the new 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii,the House of Nobles became an elected office,so he lost his seat,until winning the election of 1892 for one more session. [8]
Queen Liliʻuokalani appointed him attorney general again on August 29,but he resigned the next day after a motion of no confidence in the legislature,when his scheme for a state lottery was heavily opposed in the legislature. On September 12 he was appointed again and served to November 1,1892. [8]
Neumann became the private attorney of the queen after the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893. He was sent to Washington,DC to protest the overthrow and plead for the restoration of the monarchy. After an editorial in the Advertiser offended him,Neumann (who had a wooden leg) attacked new editor Henry Northrop Castle (son of Samuel Northrup Castle) with his cane in December 1893. [11] He defended Liliʻuokalani and other prisoners in a military tribunal following the failed 1895 rebellion against the Republic of Hawaii,where she was convicted of misprision of treason. He advised Liliʻuokalani to issue a formal abdication,which she did,and the revolutionaries were pardoned. [12] When a circuit judge position opened up,he was passed over for the much younger William Stanley. [13]
After the islands were annexed to the United States in 1898,he became more resigned to the situation,and applied to be the first attorney from Hawaii to practice before the Supreme Court of the United States. [14] He did think the Crown Lands of Hawaii had been seized illegally,a case that is still controversial. [15]
Although he had no government position,he was accepted in society enough to become toastmaster of the local Masonic Lodge, [16] and president of the Hawaii Bar Association. [17] He represented many of the Chinese victims of the Great Honolulu Chinatown Fire of 1900. He died July 2,1901. [18] At his funeral he was called "one of the most brilliant men who ever set foot on Hawaiian soil". [19] He was buried in Oahu Cemetery.
His daughter Eva (1871–1921) married Alfred Fowler (1860–1933) and became a friend of Ezra Pound. [20] Son Edouard Neumann graduated from the United States Naval Academy (nominated by California congressman Julius Kahn), [6] but was killed in a fire during target practice on the USS Missouri on April 13,1904. Son Paul Neumann Jr. studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and lived in London. [21] Neumann's wife Elisa also moved to London,as did daughter Lily Neumann who married Robert MacDonald Bird. Other daughters Anita A. Neumann married Herman T. Focke in Honolulu in 1895,and Inez Sophie Neumann married William F. C. Hasson in 1891 [22] who moved to Annapolis,Maryland. [21] His wife Elisa went to Acapulco,Mexico in 1908 to settle the estate of her mother and stepfather who had both died. On a steamer to San Francisco she died after jumping overboard. [9]
Sanford Ballard Dole was a Hawaii-born lawyer and jurist. He lived through the periods when Hawaii was a kingdom,provisional government,republic,and territory. Dole advocated the westernization of Hawaiian government and culture. After the overthrow of the monarchy,he served as the President of the Republic of Hawaii until his government secured Hawaii's annexation by the United States.
Liliʻuokalani was the only queen regnant and the last sovereign monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom,ruling from January 29,1891,until the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom on January 17,1893. The composer of "Aloha ʻOe" and numerous other works,she wrote her autobiography Hawaiʻi's Story by Hawaiʻi's Queen (1898) during her imprisonment following the overthrow.
Kalākaua,was the last king and penultimate monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi,reigning from February 12,1874,until his death in 1891. Succeeding Lunalilo,he was elected to the vacant throne of Hawaiʻi against Queen Emma. Kalākaua was known as the Merrie Monarch for his convivial personality –he enjoyed entertaining guests with his singing and ukulele playing. At his coronation and his birthday jubilee,the hula,which had hitherto been banned in public in the kingdom,became a celebration of Hawaiian culture.
Princess Kaʻiulani was a Hawaiian royal,the only child of Princess Miriam Likelike,and the last heir apparent to the throne of the Hawaiian Kingdom. She was the niece of King Kalākaua and Queen Liliʻuokalani. After the death of her mother,Princess Kaʻiulani was sent to Europe at age 13 to complete her education under the guardianship of British businessman and Hawaiian sugar investor Theo H. Davies. She had not yet reached her eighteenth birthday when the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom altered her life. The Committee of Safety rejected proposals from both her father Archibald Scott Cleghorn,and provisional president Sanford B. Dole,to seat Kaʻiulani on the throne,conditional upon the abdication of Liliʻuokalani. The Queen thought the Kingdom's best chance at justice was to relinquish her power temporarily to the United States.
David Laʻamea Kahalepouli Kinoiki Kawānanakoa was a prince of the Hawaiian Kingdom and founder of the House of Kawānanakoa. Born into Hawaiian nobility,Kawānanakoa grew up the royal court of his uncle King Kalākaua and aunt Queen Kapiʻolani who adopted him and his brothers after the death of their parents. On multiple occasions,he and his brothers were considered as candidates for the line of succession to the Hawaiian throne after their cousin Princess Kaʻiulani but were never constitutionally proclaimed. He was sent to be educated abroad in the United States and the United Kingdom where he pioneered the sport of surfing. After his education abroad,he served as a political advisor to Kalākaua's successor,Queen Liliʻuokalani until the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1893. After Hawaii's annexation to the United States,he co-founded the Democratic Party of Hawaii.
Robert William Kalanihiapo Wilcox,nicknamed the Iron Duke of Hawaiʻi,was a Hawaiian revolutionary soldier and politician,who led uprisings against both the government of the Hawaiian Kingdom under King Kalākaua and the Republic of Hawaii under Sanford Dole,what are now known as the Wilcox rebellions. He was later elected the first delegate to the United States Congress for the Territory of Hawaii.
The Wilcox rebellions were an armed rebellion in 1888,a revolt in 1889,and a counter-revolution in 1895,led by Robert William Wilcox against the promulgation of the Bayonet Constitution in 1888 and 1889,and against the overthrow of the monarchy in 1895. He was considered a royalist and dedicated to the monarchy of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Wilcox's revolts were part of the Hawaiian Rebellions.
Charles Thomas Gulick was a Kingdom of Hawaiʻi politician and one of the few members of the various missionary families of the time to side with the monarchy in the 1893 overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.
Edward Preston was a lawyer and judge originally from England who served in the Kingdom of Hawaii.
William Luther Kealiʻi Moehonua (1824–1878) was a native Hawaiian noble and politician in the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Luther Aholo was a politician who served many political posts in the Kingdom of Hawaii. He served multiple terms as a legislator from Maui and Minister of the Interior from 1886 to 1887. Considered one of the leading Hawaiian politicians of his generation,his skills as an orator were compared to those of the Ancient Greek statesman Solon.
John Mākini Kapena was a politician,diplomat and newspaper editor who served many political roles in the Kingdom of Hawaii. He served as Governor of Maui from 1874 to 1876,Minister of Finance from 1876 to 1878 and again from 1883 to 1886,Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1878 to 1880,Postmaster General from 1881 to 1883 and Collector General of Customs from 1886 to 1887. From 1874 to 1875,he accompanied King Kalākaua on his state visit to the United States to negotiate the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875. In 1882,he traveled to Tokyo as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Japan to negotiate Japanese immigration to Hawaii.
The 1881 world tour of King Kalākaua of the Hawaiian Kingdom was his attempt to save the Hawaiian culture and population from extinction by importing a labor force from Asia-Pacific nations. His efforts brought the small island nation to the attention of world leaders,but sparked rumors that the kingdom was for sale. Critics in Hawaii believed the labor negotiations were just an excuse to see the world. The 281-day trip gave Kalākaua the distinction of being the first monarch to circumnavigate the globe;his 1874 travels had made him the first reigning monarch to visit the United States and the first honoree of a state dinner at the White House.
Edward Creamor Macfarlane,also known as Ned Macfarlane,was a politician of the Kingdom of Hawaii. He served as Minister of Finance during the reign of Queen Liliuokalani,and was one of her trusted political advisors during the Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
John Smith Walker was Minister of Finance of the Hawaiian Kingdom,and interim Attorney General of the Kingdom of Hawaii,under King Kalākaua.
John Thomas Dare was a politician,who briefly served in the House of Representatives for the Territory of Arizona,the California State Assembly,and as Attorney General of the Kingdom of Hawaii. He was born in Suffolk County,New York sometime between 1842 and 1844. The exact year varies by source.
When King Kalākaua began his reign on February 12,1874,the monarch was constitutionally empowered to appoint and remove the Kingdom of Hawaii cabinet ministers. The four cabinet positions were Attorney General,Minister of Finance,Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of the Interior. The royal cabinet ministers were also ex-officio members of the House of Nobles in the legislature and the Privy Council of State,a larger body of advisors.
Liliʻuokalani was the first queen regnant and the last sovereign monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. The queen ascended to the throne on January 29,1891,nine days after the death of her brother Kalākaua,and inherited his cabinet ministers. The four cabinet positions were Attorney General,Minister of Finance,Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of the Interior. The ministers were ex-officio members of the House of Nobles in the legislature and the Privy Council of State,a larger body of advisors.
William G. Irwin was a capitalist and successful sugar planter in the Kingdom of Hawai'i. He was born in England,and emigrated to Hawaii with his family while still a child. He would remain a British citizen throughout his life. Educated at Punahou School,he was in the right place at the right time to make a lot of money in the sugar plantation market. After the passage of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875,Irwin formed the William G. Irwin &Co partnership. California entrepreneur Claus Spreckels offered him a separate partnership in 1881,a union that would come to include the Spreckels interests in sugar plantations,and have subsidiaries in banking activities and ship building. Two decades later,after amassing a fortune in his association with Spreckels,Irwin moved away from the plantation activities and relocated to San Francisco,where he continued his affiliations with financial institutions. At his death,Irwin's estate was estimated to be in excess of $10,000,000. His only child Helene married the first time into the wealthy Crocker family of California,and through her second marriage to Paul I. Fagan,became an owner of the San Francisco Seals baseball team.
Charles F. Creighton (1862–1907) was a member of Queen Liliʻuokalani's Cabinet ministers as Attorney General of the Kingdom of Hawaii for the period November 1–8,1892. Following the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom,he was arrested for his involvement in the 1895 Wilcox rebellion attempt to restore the monarchy. He accepted temporary exile to the United States to avoid a lengthy incarceration. His father Robert James Creighton had served as Kalākaua's Minister of Foreign Affairs.