The Penang and Province Wellesley Volunteer Corps (Abbr.: P&PWVC), also known as the Penang Volunteer Corps or Penang Volunteer Rifle, was a militia unit formed in British Malaya. It was officially established on 1 March 1861, making it one of the earliest locally raised volunteer military units in the region.[3]
Following the expulsion of Singapore from Malaysia in 1965, the Penang Volunteer Rifle inherited the distinction of being the oldest military unit established in Malaysia.[3]
History
The formation of the Straits Settlements Volunteer Force (SSVF) began in 1854, during the height of the Crimean War, which prompted the British to establish local volunteer militias in their colonial territories. Among the earliest of these was the Singapore Volunteer Rifle Corps, founded in the same year. The movement was mirrored in other British colonies, including the establishment of the Hong Kong Volunteer Corps (now Royal Hong Kong Regiment).[4]
Following its inception in Singapore, the SSVF expanded to other territories within the Straits Settlements, including Penang, Malacca, and Labuan. On 1 March 1861, the Penang and Province Wellesley Volunteer Rifle was officially raised, marking the beginning of locally organised militia forces in northern Malaya.[4]
The Penang unit was disbanded in 1879 but was later revived in 1899 under the new designation Penang and Province Wellesley Volunteer Corps, largely due to the efforts of three prominent Penang residents: Dr. Brown, M.L.C., and Mr. P. Kennedy, then President of the Penang Municipal Commissioners.[4]
In its early years, the Penang Volunteer Rifle, along with other units in the SSVF, operated as a European-only formation, excluding other ethnic groups. This racial policy continued until 1899, when the Penang unit began accepting non-European members, followed by the Singapore units in 1901.[3][5]
The outbreak of the Second Boer War (1899–1902) further invigorated the volunteer movement across British Malaya. This led to the establishment of the Federated Malay States Volunteer Forces (FMSVF) and the Unfederated Malay States Volunteer Forces (UMSVF). Collectively, these units formed part of the wider Malayan Volunteer Forces, with the SSVF serving as one of its integral components.[3][6]
The Battle of Singapore in February 1942 marked the final engagement of the SSVF. The force was ultimately overrun and defeated by the Imperial Japanese Army following the fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942.[7]
Timeline
1 March 1861 – The Penang and Province Wellesley Volunteer Rifle (P&PWVR) was established. Only open to European descendant.[5][3]
1889 (before the Boer War) – P&PWVR was revived as Penang and Province Wellesley Volunteer Corps (P&PWVC). The Headquarters was moved from Kampong Bahru to Northam Road.[4]
1889 – Opens its membership to European and Eurasian descent .[5]
1910 – Opens its membership to Malay descendant.[5]
August 1914 – World War I. Immediate and rapid increase in the enrolment of volunteers.[3]
November 1933 – The P&PWVC get the first place after won almost all of the categories offered in 1933 Malaya Command Rifle Meeting.[8][9]
November 1934 – The P&PWVC placed at the first place back-to-back after won two of four main categories offered in 1934 Malaya Command Rifle Meeting. Others Top 5 teams are: Burma Rifles (Runner-Up), Selangor Battalion FMSVF (2nd Runner-Up), Wiltshire Regiment (4th Place) and Johore Military Forces (5th Place).[1]
1936 – The P&PWVC get the first place in 1936 Malaya Command Rifle Meeting. Others Top 5 teams are: Selangor Battalion FMSVF (Runner-Up), Johore Military Forces (2nd Runner-Up), Middlesex Regiment (4th Place) and Malay Regiment (5th Place).[10]
1939 – World War II. Increase in the enrolment of volunteers[3]
December 1941 – Battle of Penang. The battle starts on 9 December 1941 with air battle between Japanese and allied forces over Penang Island. By 13 December, the Governor of the Straits Settlements, Sir Shenton Thomas, ordered the evacuation of the European community on Penang Island to Singapore. On 15 December, most of British and Commonwealth forces withdraw from Penang. By 19 December, Penang completely falls to the Japanese.[11]
15 February 1942 – Last stance at Battle of Singapore. All 4 battalions of SSVF including the Penang Volunteer Corps were defeated by the Japanese Forces. Members were taken as Prisoner of war (POW) and were sent to Japanese war prisons throughout the Far East.[12]
Late 1945 – World War II ends. POW survivors was released in England and later return to their home.[6][7]
Organisation
The soldiers and officers of Penang and Province Wellesley Volunteer Corps (P&PWVC) were divided by ethnicity.[5] The strength of P&PWVC by the time of WWII was 916 men.[3]
1 2 3 4 5 6 Beckett, Ian Frederick William (2005). Citizen Soldiers and the British Empire, 1837–1902 Warfare, Society and Culture. New York: Routledge. pp.14–15. ISBN9781317322184.
1 2 "History". Malayan Volunteers. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
↑ Barber, Andrew (2010). Penang at War: A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars, 1914-1945. Kuala Lumpur: AB&A. ISBN9789834337230.
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Straits Settlements (now a part of Malaysia)
Volunteer Reserves