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Industry | Software |
---|---|
Predecessors | MP Software Co-op Software |
Founded | 1978 |
Founder | Mark Pelczarski |
Fate | Acquired by Merit Software |
Successor | Polarware |
Penguin Software was a computer software and video game publisher from Geneva, Illinois that produced graphics and application software and games for the Apple II, Mac, IBM PC compatibles, Commodore 64, Amiga, Atari 8-bit computers, and Atari ST. It produced the graphics programs Graphics Magician and Complete Graphics System, graphic adventure games such as the Transylvania series, action games like Spy's Demise , and role-playing video games such as Xyphus .
The company was founded in 1978 by Mark Pelczarski as "MP Software" with its first product, a graphics program called Magic Paintbrush. [1] It evolved to "Co-op Software" as part of a sister company, Micro Co-op, then adopted the name "Penguin Software" in 1981 when software publishing became the primary focus. [2] Like many other home computer publishers at the time, Penguin Software openly credited the developers of their games on boxes and title screens; developers that were often not direct employees of Penguin Software but rather independent designers that were paid royalties by Penguin Software for the games that sold.
Penguin Software's core products were its graphics programs that were among the industry best-sellers of the early 1980s. [3] The Complete Graphics System, first published in 1981, was a set of drawing and 3D graphics editing programs for the Apple II by founder Mark Pelczarski. Special Effects, co-written by Pelczarski and David Lubar later the same year, helped establish the company's slogan, "the graphics people". In early 1982, Pelczarski, Lubar, and Chris Jochumson created The Graphics Magician, which would define the next several years of the company's evolution. Graphics Magician was aimed toward developers or anyone wanting to be a developer, allowing any programmer to create animations for arcade-style games and compact graphic images for adventure games and educational software. [4]
Developers began submitting their own creations written in part with Graphics Magician to Penguin Software for publication. Those that were accepted were polished and published and the authors were paid royalties on sales. These included the first two games published by Penguin Software, the animated game Pie Man by Eagle Berns and Michael Kosaka, and the adventure game Transylvania written by Antonia Antiochia. [5] Many other publishers of software for the Apple II also licensed The Graphics Magician for their products, [6] as there was no fee for the license; the only requirement was a credit line that Graphics Magician software was used in the product, which served as advertising for more sales of the Penguin Software graphics tools.
One of the other widely touted aspects of Penguin Software's titles was that they deliberately stopped using copy protection, thus making it easier to back up their programs. Pelczarski sent a letter to many computer magazines to describe his position, which asked that users of their software not abuse their trust. [7]
As software sales expanded into book stores, Penguin Software was confronted by Penguin Books in regard of infringement of their name. Fearing that the legal costs of a lawsuit could have decimated his company, even in the case of an eventual victory, Pelczarski phased in a new name "Polarware" in 1986, eventually ending the "Penguin Software" brand. [8]
Since the Apple II, Macintosh, IBM, Commodore, and Atari computers all had varying graphics capabilities and different processors, releasing a software title for each different brand of computer usually involved programming it again from scratch for each platform. Penguin Software/Polarware began focusing on cross-platform ideas that would allow them to release games simultaneously on different systems without the lengthy re-programming process. The compact images from Graphics Magician could be used across platforms, and an adventure game development and deployment language called Comprehend was created to be system independent and was used for several releases. [9] Also using Graphics Magician across platforms and with a portable design, the first three titles in the Adventures Around the World geography game series were released. However a similar idea called Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego reached the market a few months sooner and doomed the Penguin Software series. [10]
In 1987, Polarware was purchased by four employees, Jeffrey (JJ) Jay, Steve Greene, Peg Smith, and Trish Glenn. This new team produced the children's software series written by Brian A. Rice, The Electric Crayon, a simple electronic coloring book. In 1988, Polarware was acquired by Merit Software and the Polarware name soon disappeared.
As Merit Software moved on to newer products, rights to the old software title were bought back from the remains of Polarware, and many of those titles were subsequently released as freeware. [11]
Also after end of official support of their products, an enthusiast reconstructed a source code variant of the Comprehend engine to port these games to modern platforms. [12]
Title | Author | Published |
---|---|---|
Magic Paintbrush | Mark Pelczarski | 1978/1981/1984 |
The Complete Graphics System | Mark Pelczarski | 1981 |
Special Effects | Mark Pelczarski and David Lubar | 1981 |
The Complete Graphics System II | Mark Pelczarski | 1982 |
The Graphics Magician | Mark Pelczarski, David Lubar, and Chris Jochumson | 1982 |
Pie Man | Eagle Berns and Michael Kosaka | 1982 [13] |
Spy's Demise | Alan Zeldin | 1982 |
Transylvania | Antonio Antiochia | 1982/1985 |
Crime Wave | Scott Schram | 1983 [14] |
Thunderbombs | Tom Becklund | 1983 |
The Quest | Dallas Snell, Joe Toler, and Joel Ellis Rea | 1983 |
The Coveted Mirror | Eagle Berns and Holly Thomason | 1983/1986 |
Expedition Amazon | Willard Phillips | 1983 |
Bouncing Kamungas | Tom Becklund | 1983 |
Pensate | John Besnard | 1983 |
Transitions | Andre Schklowsky | 1983 |
Paper Graphics | Robert Rennard | 1983 |
Cat Graphics | David Shapiro | 1983 |
Short Cuts | Kelly Puckett | 1983 |
Minit Man | Greg Malone | 1983 |
Stellar 7 | Damon Slye / Dynamix | 1984 |
The Spy Strikes Back | Robert Hardy and Mark Pelczarski | 1984 |
Ring Quest | Dallas Snell, Joel Ellis Rea, Joe Toler, and Ron Goebel | 1984 |
Xyphus | Robert Waller and Dave Albert | 1984 |
Arcade Boot Camp | John Besnard | 1984 |
Sword Of Kadash | Chris Cole / Dynamix | 1984 |
Disk Repair Kit | David Winzler | 1984 |
Disk Arranger | William Swanson | 1984 |
Transylvania II: The Crimson Crown | Antonio Antiochia | 1985 |
Oo-Topos | Michael Berlyn, Muffy Berlyn, Raimund Redlich, and Brian Poff | 1985 |
Home Connection | William Shaw | 1985 |
Home Data Manager | Mark Pelczarski | 1985 |
The Spy's Adventures in Europe | Mark Pelczarski, Marsha Meuse, Elizabeth Redlich, and Brian Poff | 1986 |
The Spy's Adventures in North America | Mark Pelczarski, Mark Glenn, Brian Poff, and Elizabeth Redlich | 1986 |
The Spy's Adventures in South America | Mark Pelczarski, Brian Poff, and Elizabeth Redlich | 1986 |
Electric Crayon: Fun on the Farm | Brian Rice | 1986 |
Electric Crayon: This Land Is Your Land | Brian Rice | 1986 |
Electric Crayon: ABC's | Brian Rice | 1986 |
Talisman: Challenging the Sands of Time | Bruce Hoffman, Raimund Redlich, and Brian Poff | 1987 |
Sesame Street Crayon: Letters For You | Brian Rice | 1987 |
Sesame Street Crayon: Numbers Count | Brian Rice | 1987 |
Sesame Street Crayon: Opposites Attract | Brian Rice | 1987 |
The Spy's Adventures in Europe | 1987 | |
Electric Crayon Deluxe: Dinosaurs Are Forever | Brian Rice | 1988 |
All Dogs Go to Heaven | Michael Robert Hausman | 1989 |
Electric Crayon Deluxe: At the Zoo | Brian Rice | 1989 |
Transylvania III: Vanquish the Night | Antonio Antiochia | 1990 |
Pinball Construction Set is a video game by Bill Budge written for the Apple II. It was originally published in 1982 through Budge's own company, BudgeCo, then was released by Electronic Arts in 1983 along with ports to the Atari 8-bit computers and Commodore 64.
Akalabeth: World of Doom is a role-playing video game created in 1979 for the Apple II by Richard Garriott, and published by California Pacific Computer Company in 1980. Garriott designed the game as a hobbyist project, which is now recognized as one of the earliest known examples of a role-playing video game and as a predecessor of the Ultima series of games that started Garriott's career. Garriott is the sole author of the game, with the exception of title artwork by Keith Zabalaoui.
Choplifter is a military-themed scrolling shooter developed by Dan Gorlin for the Apple II and published by Broderbund in 1982. It was ported to the Atari 8-bit computers the same year, and also to the VIC-20, Commodore 64, Atari 5200, ColecoVision, MSX, and Thomson computers.
Level 9 was a British developer of computer software, active between 1981 and 1991. Founded by Mike, Nicholas and Pete Austin, the company produced software for the BBC Micro, Nascom, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Oric, Atari 8-bit computers, Camputers Lynx, RML 380Z, Amstrad CPC, MSX, Amiga, Apple II, Memotech MTX, and Enterprise platforms and is best known for its successful text adventure games until a general decline in the text adventure market forced their closure in June 1991.
Softporn Adventure is a comedic, adult-oriented text adventure game produced for the Apple II in 1981. The game was created by Charles Benton and released by On-Line Systems, later renamed Sierra On-Line. Years later, Softporn Adventure was remade and expanded as Leisure Suit Larry series of adult-oriented video games, and the first entry in that series, 1987's Leisure Suit Larry in the Land of the Lounge Lizards, was a nearly direct graphical adaptation of Softporn Adventure. Another graphical version was released as Las Vegas for various Japanese computers in 1986 by Starcraft.
Transylvania was the name of a trilogy of computer games released for several home computers of the 1980s. The games were graphic adventure games created by Antonio Antiochia and produced by Penguin Software/Polarware.
Softalk was an American magazine of the early 1980s that focused on the Apple II computer. Published from September 1980 through August 1984, it featured articles about hardware and software associated with the Apple II platform and the people and companies who made them. The name was originally used on a newsletter of Apple Software pioneer company, Softape, who in 1980 changed its name to Artsci Inc.
Spy's Demise is an action game written by Alan Zeldin for the Apple II and published by Penguin Software in 1982. It was ported to the Atari 8-bit computers, Commodore 64, TI-99/4A, and Vector-06c. The game contains a puzzle which at the time of release could be solved for a Spy's Demise T-shirt. According to Antic magazine in June 1984, only four people had solved it. The game was followed by a 1983 sequel, The Spy Strikes Back.
Sneakers is a fixed shooter video game for the Apple II written by Mark Turmell and published by Sirius Software in 1981. A version for Atari 8-bit computers was released the same year. Sneakers was Turmell's first published game. He was later the lead designer and programmer of 1993's NBA Jam.
Jawbreaker is a Pac-Man clone programmed by John Harris for Atari 8-bit computers and published by On-Line Systems. Released in 1981 before an official version of Pac-Man was available, it was widely lauded by reviewers and became a major seller. The story of its creation and Harris's Atari 8-bit implementation of Frogger form a portion of Steven Levy's 1984 book, Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution.
Mark Pelczarski wrote and published some of the earliest digital multimedia computer software. In 1979 while teaching computer science at Northern Illinois University, he self-published Magic Paintbrush, which was one of the first digital paint programs for the Apple II, the first consumer computer that had color graphics capabilities.
California Pacific Computer Co. was a computer software and game publisher active from 1979 to 1986, founded in Davis, California by Alvin Remmers. Its software was published exclusively for the Apple II computer and was an early commercial outlet for several important game designers including Richard Garriott, Bill Budge, and Michael Pondsmith.
The Coveted Mirror is a graphic adventure for the Apple II published in 1983 by Penguin Software. It was created by Eagle Berns and Holly Thomason. A version with a more advanced text parser was released in 1986 and ported to additional systems.
The Quest is a graphic fantasy text adventure released in 1983 by Penguin Software. It was designed by Dallas Snell for the Apple II and was ported to the Atari 8-bit computers, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, and Mac.
Transylvania is an adventure video game published by Penguin Software. It was released for the Apple II in 1982 followed by ports to the Atari 8-bit computers and Commodore 64. A Mac conversion was published in 1984, then versions for the Amiga, Atari ST, and MS-DOS in 1985.
The Graphics Magician, subtitled Picture Painter, is a utility for drawing bitmapped images and playing them back from user-developed programs. It was written for the Apple II by Penguin Software founder Mark Pelczarski and Jon Niedfeldt, and published by Penguin Software in 1982. It was ported to the Atari 8-bit computers, Commodore 64, and IBM PC. The routines for playing back graphics and animation were written by David Lubar and Chris Jochumson. Graphics Magician doesn't store images in their final form, but records the commands used to create them using a "tiny vector graphics-like language." The software plays them back to re-create the image. Images can be layered based on when each shape is drawn.
Track Attack is a train-themed action game written by Chris Jochumson for the Apple II. It was published in 1982 by Broderbund, as was a port for Atari 8-bit computers by Bill Hooper. Track Attack contains both overhead maze levels and side-scrolling platform game levels. In the latter, the player controls a character who runs along the top of a train, performing acrobatic leaps between the cars. Jochumson co-authored The Arcade Machine which was released the same year.
Seafox is a shoot 'em up written by Ed Hobbs and published by Broderbund in 1982 for the Apple II and as a cartridge for Atari 8-bit computers. A VIC-20 port, also on cartridge, was released in 1983.
Margot Comstock was co-founder and editor of Softalk magazine, which was influential in the Apple II community, as part of a growing personal computing movement.