Pesticide incidents in the San Joaquin Valley

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Pesticide incidents in the San Joaquin Valley is a topic covering the justice and health issues of people living in the San Joaquin Valley resulting from the use of pesticides in the region. Pesticide use in the San Joaquin Valley began in the 1880s when certain insects were known to be causing harm in the region, much of whose economy is still based on the successful agriculture and farming of many different kinds of crops. Pesticides illnesses were reported sporadically during that time frame, but was not focused as a major issue until the post World War II agricultural boom in the late 1940s when pesticide poisonings became more widely publicized. Though Rachel Carson's Silent Spring and the use of chemicals in weapons during the Vietnam War led the federal government to pass restrictions on pesticide use, residents, primarily of low-income, have struggled with health impacts of pesticide use due to persistent over-spraying by agriculture companies working for profit.

Contents

Background

Since California became a state in 1850, the production of agriculture has been a key part of the economy and appeal, especially in the Central Valley. Farms were established in the area because of its temperate climate with warmer elements for its latitude and advertisements showing the supposed quality of produce grown in this climate. However, insects harming growing crops became a problem as early as the 1880s. Pesticides were introduced in the San Joaquin Valley around this time and by 1900 were regulated by a state agency, the Department of Agriculture. This department published incidents of pesticide poisonings and accidents as a record of occupational health in the workplace fields. At the time, health was viewed through the germ theory of disease, rather than focusing on the environment, and pesticide poisonings were not seen as a major issue.

In the late 1940s, however, a population boom after World War II demanded more agriculture, and California was growing more crops such as grapes which required more pesticides. By 1963, more than 16,000 different kinds of pesticide had been registered in the state. Reports of pesticide poisonings like a 1949 incident in the city of Marysville became more common. Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, published in 1962, prompted the public to question the safety of pesticides, but major incidents of poisonings like 1963 and 1967 northern San Joaquin Valley peach farmers had continued. Awareness about the dangers of pesticides led to the formation of the United Farm Workers in 1964. Federal hearings on pesticide safety began in 1969 and safety laws began to be passed in the 1970s as well as the Delaney Amendment which prohibited carcinogens in food supply. This coincided with the shift of health concerns to focus on the local environment. The effects of pesticides continue to be a problem for many people living in California's San Joaquin Valley. [1]

Effects and response

Pesticides in the San Joaquin Valley come with many different chemicals. These chemicals include DDT and organophosphates such as TEPP syntox, EPN, parthion, [1] metam sodium, [2] and methomyl. [3] They can enter the human body through direct contact by way of the skin including through the contact of plants with pesticide residue, overspraying of farm fields, inhaling pesticide residue in the air during pesticide drifts, and eating foods contaminated with pesticide residue. [3] There are both chronic and acute effects from pesticide exposure that have been known to occur in the San Joaquin Valley. Observed chronic causes include birth defects, miscarriages, sterility, neurological effects, and child developmental impairments. Observed acute causes have been rashes in the eyes and on the skin. [4] One study also showed pesticides containing ziriam were correlated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. [5] Fish that are part of the food supply for many people were also found to be killed, with certain mixes of OPs being more toxic than others when pesticide contaminated waters of the San Joaquin Delta were tested in a lab with titans. [6]

In specific incidents, dizziness and nausea were found in a 1988 case in the southern valley town of Delano, where two of the 54 farmworkers who fell ill were unconscious after a field was sprayed with methomyl. [3] Pesticides were also a suspected cause in a cancer cluster affecting 13 children in the town of McFarland due to inhalation of chemicals between 1975 and 1988. Pesticide regulation has been difficult due to the power of companies that profit from pesticide use and fears of their prosecution or losing their support. [3]

When pesticide regulations were enacted in the 1970s, the United States federal government set tolerance levels on pesticide known to cause cancer sprayed on foods, but the EPA still authorized chemical testing that was not complete. After the McFarland cancer reports appeared, Governor George Deukmjian vetoed a bill requiring warning signs for pesticides in yards and farms, in effect supporting pesticide sprayers. [7]

In 1999, the town of Earlimart was hit with a pesticide drift from metam sodium drifting into fields. The sprayers were fined $150,000, but use of the dangerous chemical did not stop. [2] There has also historically been racial prejudice in assessing pesticide concerns in the San Joaquin Valley. Many of the farmworkers who came to work in California fields were immigrants or braceros coming from Mexico and Latin America. Pesticide exposure was originally studied to be complex in which certain actions like wearing heavy protective gear would defend people against pesticide poisoning. Many of these workers were directly sprayed and had little knowledge of the kinds of pesticides they were being exposed to. In addition, doctors would see cases related to workers' pesticide concerns and diagnose it as heat stroke instead. This led people to believe that immigrant workers' own habits contributed to their frequent illnesses, and not necessarily pesticide exposure. [1]

Pesticide exposure in the San Joaquin Valley has continued to disproportionately affect low income farm families of color who make less than $10,000 per year (1991) in income. [3] Response to the issue has largely gotten attention by way of lawsuits, such as one against a San Joaquin County helicopter company called Alpine Helicopter Service. Beginning in 2013, the company repeatedly sprayed pesticides, including near a children's sports facility, and failed to comply with the state's health and safety codes. [8] Nonprofit organizations such as the Central Valley Air Coalition have consulted with state and local agencies such as the Fresno County Farm Bureau on protection for residents against pesticide use, such as establishing buffer zones and finding alternatives to pesticides to protect crops. [9]

Pesticide controversies

McFarland cancer cluster 1975-1996

A pesticide helicopter, similar to the ones used by the Alpine Helicopter Service Inc. which were involved in the pesticide drift incidents 2017. Adjusting atomizer blades on Bell 47G spray helicopter. Aerial Pesticide Application Training (APAT). Ovid, Michigan. (37434982606).jpg
A pesticide helicopter, similar to the ones used by the Alpine Helicopter Service Inc. which were involved in the pesticide drift incidents

From 1975 to 1996 McFarland California reported 21 of its children as being diagnosed with cancer which is “3 times” higher than normal considering the fact that McFarland had a population of around 8000 at the beginning of the Cancer Cluster. [10] As the reports of cancer cases began to increase locals pointed fingers at the pesticides which were commonly being used on farms in the area and soon after new outlets such as the LA Times began to take notice and started reporting on the incident. [11] Because of the severity of the cluster and the amount of attention the cancer cluster was receiving, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) launched an investigation on the incident. The USDHHS performed a multitude of tests on households, surroundings areas, the air, and waterways but found nothing conclusive that could point at pesticides as being the cause of all the cancer incidents. [12] Pesticide companies were quick to defend themselves after the report came out because as the report stated there was no indication that pesticides were at fault. This event remains controversial and many are still divided on whether or not pesticides played a bigger role that may have gone unnoticed despite the investigation by the USDHHS.

Alpine helicopter service incidents 2013-2019

Alpine Helicopter Service is a Lodi CA based company that sprays pesticides over large farm areas. From 2013 to 2020 Alpine had been directly involved in causing a multitude of pesticide drift incidents that ended up endangering the health of people in the area and created crop loss for nearby farms that the pesticides ended up damaging. [13] In an especially controversial incident, a pesticide drift occurred while children were playing soccer at the Stockton Sports Complex (September 7, 2019) which put the health of the children and their families in danger. [14] Many news outlets such as Capitol Weekly and The Record began reporting and identifying at least 11 separate pesticide drift incidents that Alpine was involved in. [15] From a woman begin sprayed as the pesticide sprayer passed overhead to pesticide drift occurring over a schoolyard. [14] As a result, in 2020 the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) and California's attorney general Xavier Becerra filed a lawsuit against the company which is still currently being investigated and processed. [13] This incident is one of many pesticide drift incidents that has been recorded which are all being investigated by the DPR and reported on by various outlets. [15]

Responses to pesticide usage

Medical journal research

During the early 1960's and late 1970's, doctors and medical professionals from across the country conducted research in the Central Valley to better understand the effects of pesticides on the human body as well attempt to combat further incidents. [16] [17] A majority of this research was conducted on field workers who sought out medical attention for poisonings, since they had the most exposure to such pesticides than any other group of people. [18]

Many doctors conducted their research on organophosphate pesticides, one of many forms of pesticide that specifically targets the Acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The intention of this research was to differentiate pesticide poisonings from other common diagnoses at the time, as well as further understand how what specific chemicals were harming the human body. Some of the most common insecticides that were causing poisonings were found to be Parathion, Phosdrin, Thimet, and Systox. A large factor in this reason this research was conducted was due to the fact that it was difficult for doctors to diagnose a pesticide poisoning during this time. The symptoms of pesticide poisoning were to difficult to distinguish from other much more common diagnoses at the time. Due to the work and dedication of these doctors, pesticide incidents have been well documented and are distinguishable when diagnosed.

Scientific findings and public responses to pesticide usage

Civilians and government officials became more aware of the pesticide usage in the last century. Many studies were conducted in recent years to measure the levels and effects of pesticides in the Central Valley. Findings stirred up community members in the Central Valley. Scientific data became useful for groups such as the UFW to push for stricter pesticide usage laws. Events such as the McFarland Cancer Cluster had a huge impact in that many people became more conscious of pesticides and their carcinogenic effects. More recently, the state of California implemented policies to restrict certain types of pesticide that have been proven by researchers to have many detrimental effects. Environmental groups continue to work to pass stricter laws regarding pesticide usage.

Scientific findings

Research published in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry has shown that pesticides enter the atmosphere through various methods. There were pesticide residues from the Central Valley found as far away as the Arctic. [19] Pesticide residues spread through water surfaces, wet deposition, and through the air mass. Although individual pesticide levels are below acute toxicity levels in the Central Valley, there are synergestic and additive effects of many pesticides that harm many sensitive species. [19]

A more detailed study has been done in 2004 regarding the toxicity of pyrethroid in specific environments. Data collection showed that cumulative effects of various pyrethroids were responsible for 17 out of 23 samples used to measure toxicity. [20] The most extreme cases were found in Tailwater ponds. There were 77 sedimentary samples used for data collection, and 42% of the samples had toxic levels of pesticides that caused the mortality of species of several Amphipods. [20] Furthermore, data suggested that pyrethroid concentrations in the Central Valley were greater after their usage in agriculture compared to concentrations after heavy rains. [20] This suggests that pesticide levels during irrigation season in places with greatest pesticide usage - Fresno, Madera, Stainslaus, Sutter - would be particularly detrimental to residents and various species in the environment.

Political response

Studies show that pesticide usage is not only limited to agricultural settings. Epagraph-pesticideuse.jpg
Studies show that pesticide usage is not only limited to agricultural settings.

Recently, the California Department of Pesticide Regulation proposed rules to restrict neonicotinoid chemicals, insecticides that harm bees that pollinate crops. [21] Also, in 2024, all neonicotinoid in non-agricultural settings would be banned. This chemical is used throughout all the states for agriculture, but it is especially concentrated in the Central Valley. Fresno, Kern, Tulare, Monterey and San Joaquin are among the top counties of neonicotinoid usage. [21] Now, the next step for environmentalists is to advocate for politicians to address crop seeds that are coated with neonicotinoids. Environmentalists have proved that these coated seeds still contribute significantly to the neonicotinoid mass, and that it is detrimental to honeybees.

The United Farm Workers have fought to improve farmworkers' working conditions, [22] and have added pressure to politicians through their union marches. President Biden supported this by releasing Assembly Bill 2183, affirming that farmworkers have the fundamental right to gather and advocate for themselves regarding their workplace. Gavin Newsom followed up and enacted the law in California. [23] Both Gavin Newsom and President Biden agreed that farmworkers should have an easy way to form a union. With support from politicians, the Union worked to push through bills that regulate whether or not the farmworkers can work in the heat. [23]

Public response

Following the McFarland Cancer Cluster in 1975, the small city in California never fully recovered from the effects of the pesticides. This is a city inhabited mostly by farmworkers, and 94% of the population is Latino. [24] City leaders believed that the poor economy of the city was to blame for the Cancer Cluster. The majority of the residents wanted federal officials to leave the town. Even a decade or so after the incident, there were about 1 in 100 cases of cancer concentrated in this small community. Investigators started collecting data but nothing conclusive was found. This inability to find a clear conclusion enraged the civilians. [24] For instance, some people in the McFarland community complained that the investigations were incomplete. One resident reported that there were no investigations of the deep soil or the air. A few others did not believe that the clusters even existed. [24]

A more recent experience came from the Madera community. [25] One problem was that the orchards were planted just outside of residential neighborhoods, and the chemical spray often missed the leaves and ended up on people's homes. One resident in the community reported that the noises of the machines and the dirt from the pesticide spray created a huge disturbance in the daily life in the neighborhood. [25] In the town of La Vina, over 300 residents tried to leverage a new state policy to decrease the pesticide drift from the fields into the community. They reported to the state officials that the orchards were too close to the residential area, and that the pesticides resulted increased the chance of premature death. [25] These residents have partnered up with local land and water agencies to allocate state funds to shut down farmlands. The La Vina residents also pointed out the effects of the carcinogenic compounds near their elementary schools. They have requested the United States Environmental Protection Agency to give them a $500,000 grant to perform chemical tests for safety measures.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pesticide</span> Substance used to destroy pests

Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests. This includes herbicide, insecticide, nematicide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, microbicide, fungicide, and lampricide. The most common of these are herbicides, which account for approximately 50% of all pesticide use globally. Most pesticides are intended to serve as plant protection products, which in general, protect plants from weeds, fungi, or insects. As an example, the fungus Alternaria solani is used to combat the aquatic weed Salvinia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Farm Workers</span> Labor union for farmworkers in the United States

The United Farm Workers of America, or more commonly just United Farm Workers (UFW), is a labor union for farmworkers in the United States. It originated from the merger of two workers' rights organizations, the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) led by organizer Larry Itliong, and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) led by César Chávez and Dolores Huerta. They became allied and transformed from workers' rights organizations into a union as a result of a series of strikes in 1965, when the mostly Filipino farmworkers of the AWOC in Delano, California, initiated a grape strike, and the NFWA went on strike in support. As a result of the commonality in goals and methods, the NFWA and the AWOC formed the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee on August 22, 1966. This organization was accepted into the AFL–CIO in 1972 and changed its name to the United Farm Workers Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pesticide poisoning</span> Poisoning of humans from pesticide exposure

A pesticide poisoning occurs when pesticides, chemicals intended to control a pest, affect non-target organisms such as humans, wildlife, plants, or bees. There are three types of pesticide poisoning. The first of the three is a single and short-term very high level of exposure which can be experienced by individuals who commit suicide, as well as pesticide formulators. The second type of poisoning is long-term high-level exposure, which can occur in pesticide formulators and manufacturers. The third type of poisoning is a long-term low-level exposure, which individuals are exposed to from sources such as pesticide residues in food as well as contact with pesticide residues in the air, water, soil, sediment, food materials, plants and animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dicofol</span> Chemical compound

Dicofol is an insecticide, an organochlorine that is chemically related to DDT. Dicofol is a miticide that is very effective against spider mite. Its production and use is banned internationally under the Stockholm Convention.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organophosphate</span> Organic compounds with the structure O=P(OR)3

In organic chemistry, organophosphates are a class of organophosphorus compounds with the general structure O=P(OR)3, a central phosphate molecule with alkyl or aromatic substituents. They can be considered as esters of phosphoric acid.

Pesticides vary in their effects on bees. Contact pesticides are usually sprayed on plants and can kill bees when they crawl over sprayed surfaces of plants or other areas around it. Systemic pesticides, on the other hand, are usually incorporated into the soil or onto seeds and move up into the stem, leaves, nectar, and pollen of plants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Endosulfan</span> Chemical compound

Endosulfan is an off-patent organochlorine insecticide and acaricide that is being phased out globally. It became a highly controversial agrichemical due to its acute toxicity, potential for bioaccumulation, and role as an endocrine disruptor. Because of its threats to human health and the environment, a global ban on the manufacture and use of endosulfan was negotiated under the Stockholm Convention in April 2011. The ban has taken effect in mid-2012, with certain uses exempted for five additional years. More than 80 countries, including the European Union, Australia, New Zealand, several West African nations, the United States, Brazil, and Canada had already banned it or announced phase-outs by the time the Stockholm Convention ban was agreed upon. It is still used extensively in India and China despite laws against its use. It is also used in a few other countries. It is produced by the Israeli firm Makhteshim Agan and several manufacturers in India and China. On 13.05.2011, the India Supreme Court ordered a ban on the production and sale of endosulfan in India, pending further notice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Farmworker</span> Performs agricultural labor

A farmworker, farmhand or agricultural worker is someone employed for labor in agriculture. In labor law, the term "farmworker" is sometimes used more narrowly, applying only to a hired worker involved in agricultural production, including harvesting, but not to a worker in other on-farm jobs, such as picking fruit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organophosphate poisoning</span> Medical condition

Organophosphate poisoning is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs). Organophosphates are used as insecticides, medications, and nerve agents. Symptoms include increased saliva and tear production, diarrhea, vomiting, small pupils, sweating, muscle tremors, and confusion. While onset of symptoms is often within minutes to hours, some symptoms can take weeks to appear. Symptoms can last for days to weeks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pesticide drift</span> Diffusion of pesticides into the environment

Pesticide drift refers to the unintentional diffusion of pesticides and the potential negative effects of pesticide application, including off-target contamination due to spray drift as well as runoff from plants or soil. This can lead to damage in human health, environmental contamination, and property damage. Some pesticides are more likely to drift than others which can mean it is more harmful in some cases. For example, fumigants which are gaseous pesticides move easily through air and will drift if not contained. Some pesticides look like a cloud when they drift while others can be invisible and odorless.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental impact of pesticides</span> Environmental effect

The environmental effects of pesticides describe the broad series of consequences of using pesticides. The unintended consequences of pesticides is one of the main drivers of the negative impact of modern industrial agriculture on the environment. Pesticides, because they are toxic chemicals meant to kill pest species, can affect non-target species, such as plants, animals and humans. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, because they are sprayed or spread across entire agricultural fields. Other agrochemicals, such as fertilizers, can also have negative effects on the environment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clothianidin</span> Chemical compound

Clothianidin is an insecticide developed by Takeda Chemical Industries and Bayer AG. Similar to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, it is a neonicotinoid. Neonicotinoids are a class of insecticides that are chemically similar to nicotine, which has been used as a pesticide since the late 1700s. Clothianidin and other neonicotinoids act on the central nervous system of insects as an agonist of nAChR, the same receptor as acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter that stimulates and activating post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors but not inhibiting AChE. Clothianidin and other neonicotinoids were developed to last longer than nicotine, which is more toxic and which breaks down too quickly in the environment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pesticides in the United States</span> Review of the topic

Pesticides in the United States are used predominantly by the agricultural sector, but approximately a quarter of them are used in houses, yards, parks, golf courses, and swimming pools.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SENSOR-Pesticides</span> US States watching for illness and injury

Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR)-Pesticides is a U.S. state-based surveillance program that monitors pesticide-related illness and injury. It is administered by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), twelve state health agencies participate. NIOSH provides technical support to all participating states. It also provides funding to some states, in conjunction with the US Environmental Protection Agency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health effects of pesticides</span> Medical condition

Health effects of pesticides may be acute or delayed in those who are exposed. Acute effects can include pesticide poisoning, which may be a medical emergency. Strong evidence exists for other, long-term negative health outcomes from pesticide exposure including birth defects, fetal death, neurodevelopmental disorder, cancer, and neurologic illness including Parkinson's disease. Toxicity of pesticides depend on the type of chemical, route of exposure, dosage, and timing of exposure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agricultural safety and health</span>

Agricultural safety and health is an aspect of occupational safety and health in the agricultural workplace. It specifically addresses the health and safety of farmers, farm workers, and their families.

Marion Theresa Moses was an American physician, nurse, and labor activist, closely associated with Cesar Chavez.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pesticide Drift Exposure Response Act</span>

The Pesticide Drift Exposure Response Act, or SB 391 (Florez-Escutia), is a California act that was passed in 2005. This act was put into place in order to help victims of California's pesticide drift problem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Farmworkers in the United States</span>

Farmworkers in the United States have unique demographics, wages, working conditions, organizing, and environmental aspects. According to The National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health in Agricultural Safety, approximately 2,112,626 full-time workers were employed in production agriculture in the US in 2019 and approximately 1.4 to 2.1 million hired crop workers are employed annually on crop farms in the US. A study by the USDA found the average age of a farmworker to be 33. In 2017, the Department of Labor and Statistics found the median wage to be $23,730 a year, or $11.42 per hour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Earlimart pesticide poisoning</span> 1999 incident in California, US

The Earlimart pesticide poisoning refers to a November 13, 1999 pesticide drift event which occurred in the vicinity of a community in the middle of the San Joaquin Valley. This event saw 24 victims sent to hospital after coming into contact with the pesticides directly, and a further 150 people were ordered to evacuate the township. Residents were exposed to the compound metham sodium, a highly toxic fumigant used in weed-targeting pesticides. The 24 poison victims suffered severe effects including vomiting, nausea, reoccurring headaches, and respiratory dysfunction. The incident is worthy of note due to its influence in contemporaneous public advocacy against pesticide use broadly, as well as a catalyst perceived to have increased awareness on pesticide drift in general.

References

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  5. ↑ Wang, Anthony; Costello, Sadie; Cockburn, Myles; Zhang, Xinbo; Bronstein, Jeff; Ritz, Beate (2011). "Parkinson's disease risk from ambient exposure to pesticides". European Journal of Epidemiology. 26 (7): 547–555. doi:10.1007/s10654-011-9574-5. ISSN   0393-2990. JSTOR   41474280. PMC   3643971 . PMID   21505849.
  6. ↑ Lydy, M. J.; Austin, K. R. (2004-12-01). "Toxicity Assessment of Pesticide Mixtures Typical of the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta Using Chironomus tentans". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 48 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1007/s00244-004-0056-6. ISSN   1432-0703. PMID   15657805. S2CID   7638672.
  7. ↑ "Cesar Chavez's first major address after his 36-day 1988 fast over the pesticide poisoning of farm workers". UFW. Retrieved 2021-11-03.
  8. ↑ Roberts, Elizabeth (1 November 2020). "'Callous disregard': SJ helicopter company repeatedly endangered community, state lawsuit alleges". The Record. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  9. ↑ KFSN (2019-07-19). "Valley air quality improving, but one group says pesticides used by farmers cause concerns". ABC30 Fresno. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  10. ↑ Martin, Glen (1998-10-04). "Cluster: Random or Environmental? The small, agricultural town of McFarland -- about 30 miles from Bakersfield -- has been hit with a heavy burden: three times the normal number of cancer cases amongst its children. Experts still don't agree why". SFGATE. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
  11. ↑ "McFarland Cases : Child Cancer Cluster Poses Puzzle". Los Angeles Times. 1988-09-21. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
  12. ↑ CDC. (n.d.). Health Consultation - Centers for Disease Control and ... Retrieved December 3, 2021, from https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/McFarlandStudyArea/McFarlandHC032006.pdf .
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  14. 1 2 Roberts, Elizabeth. "'Callous disregard': SJ helicopter company repeatedly endangered community, state lawsuit alleges". The Record. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
  15. 1 2 "'Pesticide drift' affecting California health and safety". Capitol Weekly. 2020-12-11. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
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  18. ↑ McClure, C. Dean (September 1978). "Public Health Concerns in the Exposure of Grape Pickers to High Pesticide residues in Madera County, Calif., September 1976". Public Health Reports. 93 (5): 421–425. PMC   1431933 . PMID   704793.
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  20. 1 2 3 Weston, D. P.; You, J.; Lydy, M. J. (2004-05-01). "Distribution and Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Pesticides in Agriculture-Dominated Water Bodies of California's Central Valley". Environmental Science & Technology. 38 (10): 2752–2759. doi:10.1021/es0352193. ISSN   0013-936X.
  21. 1 2 Becker, Rachel (20 July 2022). "California poised to restrict bee-killing pesticides". CalMatters.
  22. ↑ Yurong, Dale (June 28, 2019). "UFW holds demonstration after recent hazmat incidents involving over 130 workers". ABCnews.
  23. 1 2 Garrison, Jessica (Sep 28, 2022). "Newsom signs UFW bill aimed at helping California farmworkers organize". Los Angeles Times.
  24. 1 2 3 Arax, Mark (14 Aug 1997). "Cancer mystery still plagues California farm town McFarland". Los Angeles Times.
  25. 1 2 3 Weaver, Gregory (17 May 2022). "Madera community says agricultural pesticides are harming them. Will California help?". The Fresno Bee.
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