Pherine

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Pherines, also known as vomeropherines, are odorless synthetic neuroactive steroids that engage nasal chemosensory receptors and induce dose-dependent and reversible pharmacological and behavioral effects. [1] [2] [3] [4] Pherines target human chemosensory receptors and possibly other receptors such as the GABAA receptor and influence central nervous system activity. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Contents

Currently known pherine molecules are being developed for the treatment of various medical conditions. Pherines specifically target nasal chemosensory cells [5] [6] and mediate selective modulation of brain areas like the limbic amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. [7] In clinical trials, pherines formulated for intranasal administration in ultra low doses (nanogram to low microgram quantities) showed rapid onset of efficacy (10–15 minutes) and an excellent safety and tolerability profile. Pherines are also minimally invasive (do not require systemic absorption) to exert their pharmacological effects and can be used on demand [8] [9] [10]

Pherines described in the scientific literature include PH10, PH15, PH80, PH284 and fasedienol (PH94B, Aloradine, or 4,16-androstadien-3β-ol, a positional isomer of androstadienol). [1] [2] [3] [4] [11] Pherines are chemically and pharmacologically different from natural pheromones including androstadienone, androstenone, androstenol, androsterone, and estratetraenol.

Examples of pherines

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Liebowitz, Michael R.; Salman, Ester; Nicolini, Humberto; Rosenthal, Norman; Hanover, Rita; Monti, Louis (2014). "Effect of an Acute Intranasal Aerosol Dose of PH94B on Social and Performance Anxiety in Women With Social Anxiety Disorder". American Journal of Psychiatry. 171 (6): 675–682. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.12101342. ISSN   0002-953X. PMID   24700254. S2CID   38510058.
  2. 1 2 3 Monti-Bloch, L.; Jennings-White, C.; Dolberg, D.S.; Berliner, D.L. (1994). "The human vomeronasal system". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 19 (5–7): 673–686. doi:10.1016/0306-4530(94)90049-3. ISSN   0306-4530. PMID   7938363. S2CID   36129626.
  3. 1 2 3 Berliner DL, Monti-Bloch L, Jennings-White C, Diaz-Sanchez V (1996). "The functionality of the human vomeronasal organ (VNO): evidence for steroid receptors". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 58 (3): 259–65. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(96)00062-3. PMID   8836161. S2CID   31206207.
  4. 1 2 3 Monti-Bloch L, Diaz-Sanchez V, Jennings-White C, Berliner DL (1998). "Modulation of serum testosterone and autonomic function through stimulation of the male human vomeronasal organ (VNO) with pregna-4,20-diene-3,6-dione". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 65 (1–6): 237–42. doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(98)00025-9. PMID   9699878.
  5. ↑ Monti-Bloch, L; Jennings-White, C; Berliner, DL (1988). "The human vomeronasal system: a review". Ann NY Acad Sci. 855: 373–89. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10595.x. PMID   9929629. S2CID   38973467.
  6. ↑ Winegar, B; Monti-Bloch, L (2003). "Vomeropherins produce low-frequency calcium oscillations in human vomeronasal neurons". Chem Senses. 25th ACHEMS Meeting (Sarasota, FL): 83.
  7. ↑ Sobel, N; Prabhakaran, V; Hartley, CA; Desmond, JE; Glover, GH; Sullivan, EV; Gabrieli, JD (1999). "Blind smell: brain activation induced by an undetected air-borne chemical". Brain. 122 (Pt 2): 209–17. doi: 10.1093/brain/122.2.209 . PMID   10071050.
  8. 1 2 Freeman, E; Monti-Bloch, L (2007). "Evaluation of a unique new intranasal aerosol in the treatment of clinically significant premenstrual syndrome". 47th NCDEU Meeting (Boca Raton, Florida).{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. 1 2 Liebowitz, MR; Salman, E; Nicolini, H; Rosenthal, N; Hanover, R; Monti, L (2014). "Effect of an acute intranasal aerosol dose of PH94B on social and performance anxiety in women with social anxiety disorder". Am J Psychiatry. 171 (6): 675–82. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.12101342. PMID   24700254. S2CID   38510058.
  10. 1 2 Liebowitz, MR; Nicolini, H; Monti, L; Hanover, R (2013). "PH 10 may be a new rapidly acting intranasally administered antidepressant". American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology (ASCP) Annual Meeting, Miami, Florida.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ↑ Monti-Bloch, Louis; Jennings-White, Clive; Berliner, David L. (1998). "The Human Vomeronasal System: A Review". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 855 (1 OLFACTION AND): 373–389. Bibcode:1998NYASA.855..373M. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10595.x. ISSN   0077-8923. PMID   9929629. S2CID   38973467.
  12. ↑ Liebowitz, M; Monti, L; Hanover, R; Draine, A (2015). "PH94B nasal spray as a PRN treatment for social anxiety disorder: a phase 3 pilot trial". ASCP Annual Meeting: T13.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

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