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A Fresnel lens is a type of composite compact lens which reduces the amount of material required compared to a conventional lens by dividing the lens into a set of concentric annular sections.
Daylighting is the practice of placing windows, skylights, other openings, and reflective surfaces so that direct or indirect sunlight can provide effective internal lighting. Particular attention is given to daylighting while designing a building when the aim is to maximize visual comfort or to reduce energy use. Energy savings can be achieved from the reduced use of artificial (electric) lighting or from passive solar heating. Artificial lighting energy use can be reduced by simply installing fewer electric lights where daylight is present or by automatically dimming or switching off electric lights in response to the presence of daylight – a process known as daylight harvesting.
Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behavior of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves exhibit similar properties.
A parabolic trough is a type of solar thermal collector that is straight in one dimension and curved as a parabola in the other two, lined with a polished metal mirror. The sunlight which enters the mirror parallel to its plane of symmetry is focused along the focal line, where objects are positioned that are intended to be heated. In a solar cooker, for example, food is placed at the focal line of a trough, which is cooked when the trough is aimed so the Sun is in its plane of symmetry.
In geometric optics, the paraxial approximation is a small-angle approximation used in Gaussian optics and ray tracing of light through an optical system.
Nonimaging optics is the branch of optics concerned with the optimal transfer of light radiation between a source and a target. Unlike traditional imaging optics, the techniques involved do not attempt to form an image of the source; instead an optimized optical system for optimal radiative transfer from a source to a target is desired.
In optics, a ray is an idealized geometrical model of light or other electromagnetic radiation, obtained by choosing a curve that is perpendicular to the wavefronts of the actual light, and that points in the direction of energy flow. Rays are used to model the propagation of light through an optical system, by dividing the real light field up into discrete rays that can be computationally propagated through the system by the techniques of ray tracing. This allows even very complex optical systems to be analyzed mathematically or simulated by computer. Ray tracing uses approximate solutions to Maxwell's equations that are valid as long as the light waves propagate through and around objects whose dimensions are much greater than the light's wavelength. Ray optics or geometrical optics does not describe phenomena such as diffraction, which require wave optics theory. Some wave phenomena such as interference can be modeled in limited circumstances by adding phase to the ray model.
Light tubes are structures that transmit or distribute natural or artificial light for the purpose of illumination and are examples of optical waveguides.
In physics, ray tracing is a method for calculating the path of waves or particles through a system with regions of varying propagation velocity, absorption characteristics, and reflecting surfaces. Under these circumstances, wavefronts may bend, change direction, or reflect off surfaces, complicating analysis. Ray tracing solves the problem by repeatedly advancing idealized narrow beams called rays through the medium by discrete amounts. Simple problems can be analyzed by propagating a few rays using simple mathematics. More detailed analysis can be performed by using a computer to propagate many rays.
Zemax is a company that sells optical design software. OpticStudio is its flagship product and a commonly used optical design program for Microsoft Windows. It is used for the design and analysis of both imaging and illumination systems.
Optics Software for Layout and Optimization (OSLO) is an optical design program originally developed at the University of Rochester in the 1970s. The first commercial version was produced in 1976 by Sinclair Optics. Since then, OSLO has been rewritten several times as computer technology has advanced. In 1993, Sinclair Optics acquired the GENII program for optical design, and many of the features of GENII are now included in OSLO. Lambda Research Corporation purchased the program from Sinclair Optics in 2001.
TracePro is a commercial optical engineering software program for designing and analyzing optical and illumination systems. The program's graphical user interface (GUI) is 3D CAD-based creating a virtual prototyping environment to perform software simulation before manufacture.
Anidolic lighting systems use anidolic optical components to light rooms. Light redirected by these systems does not converge to a focal point or form an image, hence the name.
Transformation optics is a branch of optics which applies metamaterials to produce spatial variations, derived from coordinate transformations, which can direct chosen bandwidths of electromagnetic radiation. This can allow for the construction of new composite artificial devices, which probably could not exist without metamaterials and coordinate transformation. Computing power that became available in the late 1990s enables prescribed quantitative values for the permittivity and permeability, the constitutive parameters, which produce localized spatial variations. The aggregate value of all the constitutive parameters produces an effective value, which yields the intended or desired results.
Concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) is a photovoltaic technology that generates electricity from sunlight. Unlike conventional photovoltaic systems, it uses lenses or curved mirrors to focus sunlight onto small, highly efficient, multi-junction (MJ) solar cells. In addition, CPV systems often use solar trackers and sometimes a cooling system to further increase their efficiency.
Acceptance angle is the maximum angle at which incoming sunlight can be captured by a solar concentrator. Its value depends on the concentration of the optic and the refractive index in which the receiver is immersed. Maximizing the acceptance angle of a concentrator is desirable in practical systems and it may be achieved by using nonimaging optics.
Roland Winston is a leading figure in the field of nonimaging optics and its applications to solar energy, and is sometimes termed the "father of non-imaging optics". He is the inventor of the compound parabolic concentrator(CPC), a breakthrough technology in solar energy. He is also a former Guggenheim Fellow, past head of the University of Chicago Department of Physics, a member of the founding faculty of University of California Merced, and as of 2013, head of the California Advanced Solar Technologies Institute.
Optica is an optical design program used for the design and analysis of both imaging and illumination systems. It works by ray tracing the propagation of rays through an optical system. It performs polarization ray-tracing, non-sequential ray-tracing, energy calculations, and optimization of optical systems in three-dimensional space. It also performs symbolic modeling of optical systems, diffraction, interference, wave-front, and Gaussian beam propagation calculations. In addition to conducting simulations of optical designs, Optica is used by scientists to create illustrations of the simulated results in publications. Some examples of Optica being used in simulations and illustrations include holography, x-ray optics, spectrometers, Cerenkov radiation, microwave optics, nonlinear optics, scattering, camera design, extreme ultraviolet lithography simulations, telescope optics, laser design, ultrashort pulse lasers, eye models, solar concentrators and Ring Imaging CHerenkov (RICH) particle detectors.
OPTOS is a simulation formalism for determining optical properties of sheets with plane-parallel structured interfaces. The method is versatile as interface structures of different optical regimes, e.g. geometrical and wave optics, can be included. It is very efficient due to the re-usability of the calculated light redistribution properties of the individual interfaces. It has so far been mainly used to model optical properties of solar cells and solar modules but it is also applicable for example to LEDs or OLEDs with light extraction structures.
Jean-Louis Scartezzini is a Swiss building physicist specialized in day lighting and solar buildings. He is a professor of physics at EPFL and the head of the Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (LESO-PB) since 1994.
References
- ↑ Kim, YS; Choi, AS; Jeong, JW (July 2012). "Development of a Numerical Model for the Luminous Intensity Distribution of a Planar Prism LED Luminaire for Applying an Optimization Algorithm". LEUKOS: The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. 9 (1): 57–72. doi:10.1582/LEUKOS.2012.09.01.004. S2CID 113092538.
- ↑ Linhart, F; Wittkopf, SK; Munch, M; Scartezzini, JL (August 20, 2009). Winston, Roland; Gordon, Jeffrey M. (eds.). "Recent research on anidolic daylighting systems: highly reflective coating materials and chronobiological properties". Proc. SPIE 7423, Nonimaging Optics: Efficient Design for Illumination and Solar Concentration VI, 74230K. Nonimaging Optics: Efficient Design for Illumination and Solar Concentration VI. 7423: 74230K. Bibcode:2009SPIE.7423E..0KL. doi:10.1117/12.826136. S2CID 123468409.
- ↑ Ahmed, Y; Blatchley, ER. "CFD-I Modeling of UV Disinfection Reactors with Stochastic Evaluation of System Variables" (PDF). Retrieved 14 October 2014.
- ↑ Kowalski, WJ; Bahnfelth, WP (January 2000). "UVGI Design Basics for Air and Surface Disinfection" (PDF). HPAC Engineering: 100–110. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
- ↑ Alotto, FD; Linhart, F; Scartezzini, JL (September 2009). "CIE Standard Skies in Switzerland: Relative Occurrence and Impact on Daylighting System Performance" (PDF). Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Laussane. pp. 237–242. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
- ↑ Tsangrassoulis, A; Machairas, V; Azarli, C (August 2009). "Simplified Design of a Specular Slat Profile Curve Using 2D Ray Tracing and Genetic Algorithms" (PDF). Proceedings of BS2013: 13th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association (Chambery France). Retrieved 14 October 2014.
- ↑ Scartezzini, JL; Linhart, F (October 2009). "Green Lighting: Energy-Efficiency Integrated Lighting Systems". Swiss Federal Office of Energy. p. 107. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
- ↑ Linhart, F; Wittkopf, SK; Scartezzini, JL (13 August 2009). "Splitting up anidolic daylighting systems". SPIE Newsroom. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
- ↑ Kostro, A; Schuler, A (2009). "Integrated Multifunctional Glazing For Dynamical Daylighting" (Annual Report 2009). Swiss Federal Office of Energy. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
- ↑ Wittkopf, S; Grobe, LO; Geisler-Moroder, D; Compagnon, R; Kampf, J; Linhart, F; Scartezzini, JL (June 2010). "Ray tracing study for non-imaging daylight collectors". Solar Energy. 84 (6): 986–996. Bibcode:2010SoEn...84..986W. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2010.03.008.
- ↑ Digert, N; Fernandes, L (Feb 2008). "PAC Show and Tell: Project 2: Improved Daylighting Performance of Tubular Daylighting" (PDF). PIER. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
- ↑ New Buildings Institute (March 2013). "Enhanced Skylight Modeling and Validation" (PDF). New Buildings Institute. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
- ↑ Su, Y; Pei, G; Riffat, S; Huang, H (March 2012). "A Novel Lens-Walled Compound Parabolic Concentrator for Photovolatic Applications". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering. 134 (2): 7. doi:10.1115/1.4005757 . Retrieved 14 October 2014.
- ↑ Su, Y; Riffat, S; Pei, G (October 2012). "Comparative study on annual solar energy collection of a novel lens-walled compound parabolic concentrator (lens-walled CPC)". Sustainable Cities and Society. 4: 35–40. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2012.05.001.
- ↑ "CREE LED Solution Providers: Optics" . Retrieved 14 October 2014.