Plebiscito.eu, originally known as Plebiscite 2013 (Italian : Plebiscito 2013, P2013), is a supposedly cross-party nonpartisan committee that campaigns for the independence of Veneto from Italy. Its main leaders have been Lodovico Pizzati, a former secretary of Venetian Independence (IV), one of the most active Venetist-separatist parties so far, and Gianluca Busato, who came to regional prominence in March 2014 as the main organiser of the plebiscito , an online referendum on independence.
The committee is part of a long-time effort started in November 2012 with the endorsement by the Regional Council of Veneto of resolution 44/2012 on the self-determination of the Venetian people through a referendum. In April 2013 Stefano Valdegamberi, a regional councillor of the Union of the Centre and later of Popular Future, introduced a bill (342/2013) in order to call a referendum on independence by the end of the year. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] By 7 June the bill was endorsed by more than 15 regional councillors, sufficient to convene a special session of the Council on the issue. [6] [7] Also several municipal councils endorsed the bill. [8]
In June 2013 Pizzati formed a joint separatist cartel with Valdegamberi of Popular Future (FP), Antonio Guadagnini of Veneto State (VS), Fabrizio Comencini of Liga Veneta Repubblica (LVR), other Venetist groups, associations and individuals. [9] Subsequently, on 7 July, Pizzati launched P2013, which has since been endorsed by politicians from different parties, activists, intellectuals, professionals and entrepreneurs. [10] [11] [12] They notably included Franco Rocchetta, [13] founder and early leader of Liga Veneta (and former federal president of Lega Nord), who returned to active politics after virtually 20 years of absence from the political scene. [14]
The birth of P2013 caused a rift within IV as some members, led by president Luca Azzano Cantarutti, rejected Pizzati's initiative and formed Let Veneto Decide, which was endorsed by Valdegamberi, VS, LVR, Raixe Venete , Veneto First, Independentist Youth, other Venetist groups and individuals (see article).
In October P2013 launched Veneto Business, a platform for separatist entrepreneurs, in partnership with Business for Scotland. [15] [16] [17]
In November P2013 launched Plebiscito.eu, an online referendum to be held in each and every municipality of Veneto on 16 February 2014. [18] [19] The leadership of the initiative was taken by Gianluca Busato, a software entrepreneur and long-time Venetist activist, whose firm powered the digital consultation. [20] [21]
The vote, with no official recognition, was later postponed and took place from 16 to 21 March 2014. [20] [22] [23] [24]
According to Plebiscito.eu's staff, 2.36 million Venetians (63.2% of all eligible voters) participated in the online referendum and 89.1% of them (that is to say 56.6% of all eligible voters) voted yes. [25] [26] This was enough for P2013 to proclaim Veneto's independence from Italy in Treviso on the night of 21 March. [27] [28] [29]
In the poll, ten "delegates for independence" were elected too: Gianluca Busato was the preferred candidate with 135,306 votes, followed by Stefano Vescovi (48,320), Selena Veronese (46,947), Silvia Gandin (43,025), Lodovico Pizzati (25,731), Gianfranco Favaro (16,670), Raffaele Serafini (16,627), Manuel Carraro (16,627), Gianluca Panto (16,321) and Paolo Bernardini (16,299). Finally, voters were asked to express their opinion on three "foreign policy issues", where Veneto to become independent: adoption of the Euro (supported by 51.4% of voters), accession to European Union membership (supported by 55.7% of voters) and accession to NATO membership (supported by 64.5% of voters); turnout was however much lower for these three questions (24.6%, 22.3% and 19.8%, respectively). [25] [26]
The reliability of these results was contested by a number of analysts, while some pollsters confirmed Venetians' support of independence (see here).
The day after the referendum, Busato announced that the separatist process generated by the referendum was to be led by Veneto Yes (Italian : Veneto Sì), which would be transformed "from committee for yes to independence to a political organisation which will defend the results obtained with the declaration of independence". [30] [31]
P2013, whose goal was reached, was basically supplanted by Plebiscito.eu, engaged in the "structuring of the Venetian Republic", and Veneto Yes. [32] [33]
According to Plebiscito.eu, the self-proclaimed "Venetian Republic" has two "legitimate organs": the "Delegation of Ten", [34] comprising the aforementioned elects, and the "Treasury". [35] The latter was established with the self-styled "Decree 2/2014 of the Venetian Republic", issued by the Delegation of Ten on 22 April, and was initially composed by Cristiano Zanin (treasurer), Stefano Venturato (counselor), Gianfranco Favaro (counselor) and Lodovico Pizzati (consultant). [36]
In September 2014 Plebiscito.eu and the "Venetian Republic" experienced an internal reshuffle, which brought to the abandonment of leading roles by several founding members of the committee, notably including Pizzati, Zanin, Gianluca Panto, Manuel Carraro and Giovanni Dalla-Valle. [37] [38] [39] The latter, along with Franco Rocchetta and Andrea Arman, distanced from the Venetist organisation over disagreements with the Delegation of Ten. [40] [41]
In March 2015 Plebiscito.eu organised an "election of the Provisional Parliament of the Venetian Republic". [42] [43] in which Veneto Yes elected a large majority of the deputies. [44]
Liga Veneta Repubblica is a Venetist political party in Veneto, Italy. The party maintains a mildly separatist position and campaigns for the self-government of Veneto.
Franco Rocchetta is an Italian politician, entrepreneur, philologist and history populariser, who is usually described as the "father" of present-day Venetian nationalism and independentism.
Luca Zaia is a Venetian and Venetist politician, who has been President of Veneto since 2010.
Venetian nationalism is a nationalist, but primarily regionalist, political movement active mostly in Veneto, Italy, as well as in other parts of the former Republic of Venice.
Alessio Morosin is an Italian lawyer and politician.
The Politics of Veneto, a Region of Italy takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democracy, whereby the President is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the Regional Government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Regional Council.
Venetians Movement was a Venetist separatist cross-party political movement which aims to promote independence regardless of individual political positions such as left or right, in a democratic and nonviolent way. The complete name of the movement, which was founded on 26 November 2006 in Padua, was Venetians Movement for the Independence of Venetia, but it was commonly known also as The Venetians. The movement demands independence for the so-called Venetia, a country that would be composed of all the territories of the historical Republic of Venice, covering the current Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, some Provinces of Lombardy, a portion of Trentino.
The Venetian National Party was a Venetist, separatist and libertarian political party active in Veneto, Lombardy and Friuli-Venezia Giulia. In September 2010 the party suspended its activities and its members joined Veneto State. In May 2012 most of its former leaders seceded from it and formed Venetian Independence.
The Party of Venetians was a Venetist-separatist coalition of parties active in Veneto.
Liga Veneto Autonomo was a Venetist political party active in Veneto.
Veneto State was a Venetist political party active in Veneto and eastern Lombardy. The party's goal to achieve full political independence for the former territories of the Venetian Republic from Italy through a referendum. VS had a handful of municipal councillors and was once represented in the Regional Council of Veneto.
Lodovico Pizzati is an Italian economist, politician, and university professor. He currently teaches at the University of Southern California in the Economics department, where he teaches a combination of upper and lower level courses.
Venetian Independence is a Venetist, liberal and, to some extent, libertarian political party active in Veneto. The party seeks to achieve full political independence for the former territories of the Venetian Republic from Italy through a referendum. IV, which functions also as an advocacy group, counts a handful of municipal councillors and has not been represented yet in the Regional Council of Veneto.
Franco Roccon is a Venetist politician.
Il Veneto Decida was a cross-party committee campaigning for a referendum on the independence of Veneto from Italy.
Independence We Veneto was a Venetist and separatist political party based in Veneto, Italy.
The Venetian independence referendum of 2014 was an unofficial, non-binding, online and privately organised poll held among residents of Veneto, one of the 20 regions of Italy, 16–21 March 2014. The vote, known also as the "digital plebiscite" or "Plebiscito.eu", was promoted by Plebiscite 2013, a Venetian nationalist organisation led by Gianluca Busato.
Gianluca Busato is an Italian entrepreneur, engineer, activist and politician who is mostly known as the main organiser of the unofficial and online Venetian independence referendum, which took place in March 2014.
The Venetian autonomy referendum of 2017 took place on 22 October in Veneto, Italy.
Venetian Left is a social-democratic and green political party in Veneto, embracing pro-Europeanism, internationalism, as well as Venetian nationalism and separatism. Its first leaders were Matteo Visonà Dalla Pozza and Giovanni Masarà. Its current leaders are Antonella Muzzolon and Matteo Visonà Dalla Pozza. The party is a member of the European Free Alliance Youth (EFAY).