Point Counter Point

Last updated

First US edition
(publ. Doubleday, Doran) PointCounterPoint.JPG
First US edition
(publ. Doubleday, Doran)

Point Counter Point is a novel by Aldous Huxley, first published in 1928. [1] It is Huxley's longest novel, and was notably more complex and serious than his earlier fiction. [1]

Contents

In 1998, [2] the Modern Library ranked Point Counter Point 44th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. [3]

The novel entered the public domain in the United States in 2024. [4]

Title and construction

The novel's title is a reference to the flow of arguments in a debate, [3] and a series of these exchanges tell the story. [5] Instead of a single central plot, there are a number of interlinked story lines and recurring themes (as in musical "counterpoint"). [6] As a roman à clef , [7] many of the characters are based on real people, most of whom Huxley knew personally, such as D. H. Lawrence, Katherine Mansfield, Nancy Cunard, and John Middleton Murry, and Huxley is depicted as the novel's novelist, Philip Quarles. [8] Huxley described the structure of Point Counter Point within the novel itself, in a stream of consciousness musing of Quarles:

The musicalization of fiction.  Not in the symbolist way, by subordinating sense to sound. . . . But on a large scale, in the construction.  Meditate on Beethoven.  The changes of moods, the abrupt transitions . . . More interesting still, the modulations, not merely from one key to another, but from mood to mood.  A theme is stated, then developed, pushed out of shape, imperceptibly deformed, until, though still recognizably the same, it has become quite different. . . . Get this into a novel.  How?  The abrupt transitions are easy enough.  All you need is a sufficiency of characters and parallel, contrapuntal plots.   . . . You alternate the theme.  More interesting, the modulations and variations are also more difficult.  A novelist modulates by reduplicating situations and characters. He shows several people falling in love, or dying, or praying in different ways -- dissimilars solving the same problem.  Or, vice versa, similar people confronted with dissimilar problems.  In this way you can modulate through all the aspects of your theme, you can write variations in any number of different moods.  Another way: The novelist can assume the god-like creative privilege and simply elect to consider the events in the story in their various aspects -- emotional, scientific, religious, metaphysical, etc.  He will modulate from one to the other -- as, from the aesthetic to the physico-chemical aspect of things, from the religious to the physiological or financial. . . . Put a novelist in the novel.  He justifies aesthetic generalizations, which may be interesting -- at least to me. He also justifies experiment.  Specimens of his work may illustrate other possible or impossible ways of telling a story." [9]

Main characters and storylines

Some of the main characters are:

Real-world British fascists

Comparisons have been made between the character Everard Webley with his Brotherhood of British Freemen and Oswald Mosley with the British Union of Fascists. However, when Huxley wrote Point Counter Point, Mosley was still a prominent member of the Labour Party and would remain so until 1931. The BUF was not founded until 1932. A number of other fascist groups preceded Mosley, the most prominent being the British Fascists, and possibly one of those may have been Huxley's inspiration. In the 1996 reprint of Point Counter Point, Mosley's son Nicholas discusses the connection in a new introduction to the novel. [12] David Bradshaw has argued that the most likely source for Webley is John Hargrave, the founder of The Kindred of the Kibbo Kift. [13]

Adaptations

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aldous Huxley</span> English writer and philosopher (1894–1963)

Aldous Leonard Huxley was an English writer and philosopher. His bibliography spans nearly 50 books, including novels and non-fiction works, as well as essays, narratives, and poems.

<i>The Doors of Perception</i> 1954 book by Aldous Huxley

The Doors of Perception is an autobiographical book written by Aldous Huxley. Published in 1954, it elaborates on his psychedelic experience under the influence of mescaline in May 1953. Huxley recalls the insights he experienced, ranging from the "purely aesthetic" to "sacramental vision", and reflects on their philosophical and psychological implications. In 1956, he published Heaven and Hell, another essay which elaborates these reflections further. The two works have since often been published together as one book; the title of both comes from William Blake's 1793 book The Marriage of Heaven and Hell.

<i>Brave New World</i> 1932 dystopian science fiction novel by Aldous Huxley

Brave New World is a dystopian novel by English author Aldous Huxley, written in 1931 and published in 1932. Largely set in a futuristic World State, whose citizens are environmentally engineered into an intelligence-based social hierarchy, the novel anticipates huge scientific advancements in reproductive technology, sleep-learning, psychological manipulation and classical conditioning that are combined to make a dystopian society which is challenged by the story's protagonist. Huxley followed this book with a reassessment in essay form, Brave New World Revisited (1958), and with his final novel, Island (1962), the utopian counterpart. This novel is often compared as an inversion counterpart to George Orwell's 1984 (1949).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christopher Isherwood</span> English-American novelist (1904–1986)

Christopher William Bradshaw Isherwood was an Anglo-American novelist, playwright, screenwriter, autobiographer, and diarist. His best-known works include Goodbye to Berlin (1939), a semi-autobiographical novel which inspired the musical Cabaret (1966); A Single Man (1964), adapted into a film directed by Tom Ford in 2009; and Christopher and His Kind (1976), a memoir which "carried him into the heart of the Gay Liberation movement".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Union of Fascists</span> 1932–1940 political party

The British Union of Fascists (BUF) was a British fascist political party formed in 1932 by Oswald Mosley. Mosley changed its name to the British Union of Fascists and National Socialists in 1936 and, in 1937, to the British Union. In 1939, following the start of the Second World War, the party was proscribed by the British government and in 1940 it was disbanded.

<i>The Genius and the Goddess</i> 1955 novel by Aldous Huxley

The Genius and the Goddess (1955) is a novel by Aldous Huxley. It is the fictional account of John Rivers, a student physicist in the 1920s who was hired out of college as a laboratory assistant to Henry Maartens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Middleton Murry</span> English writer (1889–1957)

John Middleton Murry was an English writer. He was a prolific author, producing more than 60 books and thousands of essays and reviews on literature, social issues, politics, and religion during his lifetime. A prominent critic, Murry is best remembered for his association with Katherine Mansfield, whom he married in 1918 as her second husband, for his friendship with D. H. Lawrence and T. S. Eliot, and for his friendship with Frieda Lawrence. Following Mansfield's death, Murry edited her work.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">String Quartet No. 15 (Beethoven)</span> String quartet by Ludwig van Beethoven

The String Quartet No. 15 in A minor, Op. 132, by Ludwig van Beethoven, was written in 1825, given its public premiere on November 6 of that year by the Schuppanzigh Quartet and was dedicated to Count Nikolai Galitzin, as were Opp. 127 and 130. The number traditionally assigned to it is based on the order of its publication; it is actually the thirteenth quartet in order of composition.

<i>The Perennial Philosophy</i> Book by Aldous Huxley

The Perennial Philosophy is a comparative study of mysticism by the British writer and novelist Aldous Huxley. Its title derives from the theological tradition of perennial philosophy.

The Huxley family is a British family; several of its members have excelled in science, medicine, arts and literature. The family also includes members who occupied senior positions in the public service of the United Kingdom.

<i>Dying Inside</i> 1972 novel by Robert Silverberg

Dying Inside is a science fiction novel by American writer Robert Silverberg. It was nominated for the Nebula Award in 1972, and both the Hugo and Locus Awards in 1973.

Everard is a given name and surname which is the anglicised version of the old Germanic name Eberhard. Notable people with the name include:

Stephen Hudson is a pseudonym of the British novelist and translator Sydney Schiff, whose work was published in the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s. With a substantial income from his commercially successful family, Schiff was a patron of the arts, with friendships in the musical, artistic and literary circles of England and France.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Penitentes (New Mexico)</span> Roman Catholic lay group, 1820s-

Los Hermanos de la Fraternidad Piadosa de Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno, also known as Los Penitentes, Los Hermanos, the Brotherhood of our Father Jesus of Nazareth and the Penitente Brotherhood, is a lay confraternity of Spanish-American Catholic men active in Northern and Central New Mexico and southern Colorado. They maintain religious meeting buildings, which are not formal churches, called moradas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">J. W. N. Sullivan</span>

John William Navin Sullivan (1886–1937) was an English popular science writer and literary journalist, and the author of a study of Beethoven. He wrote some of the earliest non-technical accounts of Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, and was known personally to many important writers in London in the 1920s, including Aldous Huxley, John Middleton Murry, Wyndham Lewis, Aleister Crowley and T. S. Eliot.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dana Sawyer</span> American writer

Dana Sawyer is professor emeritus of religious studies and world religions at the Maine College of Art & Design and an adjunct professor in Asian Religions at the Chaplaincy Institute of Maine. He is the author of numerous published papers and books, including Aldous Huxley: A Biography, which Laura Huxley described as, "Out of all the biographies written about Aldous, this is the only one he would have actually liked."

<i>Science, Liberty and Peace</i>

Science, Liberty and Peace is an essay written by Aldous Huxley, published in 1946. The essay debates a wide range of subjects reflecting Huxley's views towards the direction of society at that time. He puts forward a number of predictions, many of which resonate far beyond the time when it was written. A consistent theme throughout the essay is Huxley's preference towards a decentralised society.

Peter Edgerly Firchow was an American literary scholar and educator. He wrote extensively on the relationship between British and German literature of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and he was a leading scholar of the British writer Aldous Huxley. He served as a faculty member in the University of Minnesota English Department from 1967 to 2008 and as director of the university's Comparative Literature program from 1972 to 1978.

Philosophy of psychedelics is the philosophical investigation of the psychedelic experience. While psychedelic, entheogenic or hallucinogenic substances have been used by many traditional cultures throughout history mostly for religious purposes, recorded philosophical speculation and analysis of these substances, their phenomenological effects and the relevance of these altered states of consciousness to philosophical questions is a relatively late phenomenon in the history of philosophy. Traditional cultures who use psychedelic substances such as the Amazonian and Indigenous Mexican peoples hold that ingesting medicinal plants such as Ayahuasca and Peyote allows one to commune with the beings of the spirit world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aldous Huxley bibliography</span> List of works by Aldous Huxley

The following bibliography of Aldous Huxley provides a chronological list of the published works of English writer Aldous Huxley (1894–1963). It includes his fiction and non-fiction, both published during his lifetime and posthumously.

References

  1. 1 2 "Point Counter Point | novel by Huxley". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  2. "Modern Library's Choices". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 "Collecting Point Counter Point by Aldous, Huxley - First edition identification guide". www.biblio.com. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  4. "Point Counter Point - The Greatest Literature of All Time". www.editoreric.com. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  5. Watt, Donald (1977). "The Fugal Construction of "point Counter Point"". Studies in the Novel. 9 (4): 509–517. ISSN   0039-3827. JSTOR   29531894.
  6. "Novel - Roman à clef". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  7. "Point Counter Point | Dalkey Archive Press" . Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  8. Huxley, Point Counter Point, Harper's Perrenial Classic, chapter XXII, page 301 (1965)
  9. "Baudelaire and Aldous Huxley - Point counter point | Charles Baudelaire | Poetry". Scribd. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  10. Marovitz, Sanford E. "Point Counter Point: Huxley's Tragi-Comic Performance of the "Human Fugue"" (PDF). Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  11. Huxley, Aldous (1996). Point Counter Point. Garden City, New York: Dalkey Archive Press. p. v-ix.
  12. Bradshaw, David (2002). "Huxley's 'Tinpot Mussolini' and the KKK's 'White Fox': A New Source for Everard Webley and the Brotherhood of British Freemen in 'Point Counter Point'". Aldous Huxley Annual. 2: 146–59.
  13. O'Connor, John J. (20 February 1973). "TV: B.B.C. 'Point Counter Point' Provides Satire". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 11 December 2019.