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Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a member of the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). It is part of the skin flora of humans, and its largest populations are usually found at the axillae, perineum, and inguinal areas. S. haemolyticus also colonizes primates and domestic animals. It is a well-known opportunistic pathogen, and is the second-most frequently isolated CoNS. Infections can be localized or systemic, and are often associated with the insertion of medical devices. The highly antibiotic-resistant phenotype and ability to form biofilms make S. haemolyticus a difficult pathogen to treat. Its most closely related species is Staphylococcus borealis.
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a Gram-positive bacterium, and one of over 40 species belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. It is part of the normal human microbiota, typically the skin microbiota, and less commonly the mucosal microbiota and also found in marine sponges. It is a facultative anaerobic bacteria. Although S. epidermidis is not usually pathogenic, patients with compromised immune systems are at risk of developing infection. These infections are generally hospital-acquired. S. epidermidis is a particular concern for people with catheters or other surgical implants because it is known to form biofilms that grow on these devices. Being part of the normal skin microbiota, S. epidermidis is a frequent contaminant of specimens sent to the diagnostic laboratory.
Paenibacillus polymyxa, also known as Bacillus polymyxa, is a Gram-positive bacterium capable of fixing nitrogen. It is found in soil, plant tissues, marine sediments and hot springs. It may have a role in forest ecosystems and potential future applications as a biofertilizer and biocontrol agent in agriculture.
Mycolicibacter arupensis is a slowly growing mycobacterium first isolated from soil and human sputum samples in Spain. Etymology: arupense, pertaining to the ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, where the type strain was characterized.
Streptococcus oralis is a Gram positive viridans streptococcus of the Streptococcus mitis group. S. oralis is one of the pioneer species associated with eubiotic dental pellicle biofilms, and can be found in high numbers on most oral surfaces. It has been, however, found to be an opportunistic pathogen as well.
The class Flavobacteriia is composed of a single class of environmental bacteria. It contains the family Flavobacteriaceae, which is the largest family in the phylum Bacteroidota. This class is widely distributed in soil, fresh, and seawater habitats. The name is often spelt Flavobacteria, but was officially named Flavobacteriia in 2012.
Citrobacter freundii is a species of facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae which currently consists of 13 recognized species. These bacteria have a rod shape with a typical length of 1–5 μm. Most C. freundii cells have several flagella used for locomotion, although some non-motile taxa do not. C. freundii is a soil-dwelling microorganism, but can also be found in water, sewage, food, and the intestinal tracts of animals and humans. The genus Citrobacter was discovered in 1932 by Werkman and Gillen. Cultures of C. freundii were isolated and identified in the same year from soil extracts.
Polaribacter filamentus is a species of gas vacuolate polar marine bacteria. It was first isolated from sea ice and water from the Arctic and the Antarctic. Its type strain is ATCC 700397.
Polaribacter irgensii is a species of gas vacuolate polar marine bacteria. It was first isolated from sea ice and water from the Arctic and the Antarctic. Its type strain is ATCC 700398.
Exiguobacterium is a genus of bacilli and a member of the low GC phyla of Bacillota. Collins et al. first described the genus Exiguobacterium with the characterization of E. aurantiacum strain DSM6208T from an alkaline potato processing plant. It has been found in areas covering a wide range of temperatures (-12 °C—55 °C) including glaciers in Greenland and hot springs in Yellowstone, and has been isolated from ancient permafrost in Siberia. This ability to survive in varying temperature extremes makes them an important area of study. Some strains in addition to dynamic thermal adaption are also halotolerant, can grow within a wide range of pH values (5-11), tolerate high levels of UV radiation, and heavy metal stress.
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a gram positive coccus bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus found worldwide. It is primarily a pathogen for domestic animals, but has been known to affect humans as well. S. pseudintermedius is an opportunistic pathogen that secretes immune modulating virulence factors, has many adhesion factors, and the potential to create biofilms, all of which help to determine the pathogenicity of the bacterium. Diagnoses of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius have traditionally been made using cytology, plating, and biochemical tests. More recently, molecular technologies like MALDI-TOF, DNA hybridization and PCR have become preferred over biochemical tests for their more rapid and accurate identifications. This includes the identification and diagnosis of antibiotic resistant strains.
Legionella cherrii is an aerobic, flagellated, Gram-negative bacterium from the genus Legionella. It was isolated from a heated water sample in Minnesota. L. cherrii is similar to another Legionella species, L. pneumophila, and is believed to cause major respiratory problems.
Hyphomicrobium nitrativorans is a bacterium from the genus of Hyphomicrobium which was isolated from biofilm at the Montreal Biodome in Canada.
Nocardioides salsibiostraticola is a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus Nocardioides which has been isolated from biofilm from coastal seawater from the Norwegian Sea.
Dokdonia donghaensis is a strictly aerobic, gram-negative, phototrophic bacterium that thrives in marine environments. The organism can grow at a broad range of temperatures on seawater media. It has the ability to form biofilms, which increases the organism's resistance to antimicrobial agents, such as tetracycline.
Legionella clemsonensis was isolated in 2006, but was described in 2016 by Clemson University researchers. It is a Gram-negative bacterium.
Zoogloea oleivorans is a gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Zoogloea. Its type strain was isolated from a filter for petroleum hydrocarbons from a site in Hungary.
Dokdonia is a genus of bacteria in the family Flavobacteriaceae and phylum Bacteroidota.
Paraglaciecola agarilytica is a Gram-negative, slightly halophilic and aerobic bacterium from the genus Paraglaciecola which has been isolated from sediments from the Sea of Japan.
Exiguobacterium undae is a species of Bacilli. Its discovery was published in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. This species has the ability to metabolize arabinose, cellulose, fructose, and glucose. It may undergo fermentation by utilizing D-glucose, D-mannitol, D-ribose, and glycogen. E. undae is motile and it contains peritrichous flagella.
References
- ↑ Vanderpas J, Bontems P, Miendje Deyi VY, Cadranel S (2013). "Follow-up of Helicobacter pylori infection in children over two decades (1988-2007): persistence, relapse and acquisition rates". Epidemiol Infect. 142 (4): 1–9. doi: 10.1017/S0950268813001428 . PMC 9151151 . PMID 23809783.
- ↑ Choo, Simeon; Borchert, Erik; Wiese, Jutta; Saha, Mahasweta; Künzel, Sven; Weinberger, Florian; Hentschel, Ute (2020). "Polaribacter septentrionalilitoris sp. nov., isolated from the biofilm of a stone from the North Sea". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (7): 4305–4314. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004290 . PMID 32579104.