The President of the Supreme Court and also President of the General Council of the Judiciary is the highest judicial authority of the Kingdom of Spain and holds the representation of the judicial branch and its governing body, the CGPJ.[2] The office of President of the Supreme Court is foreseen in the Constitution as well as giving to the president the presidency of the General Council of the Judiciary. As a parliamentary monarchy, the President of the Supreme Court is appointed by the Monarch after being nominated by the Plenary of the General Council of the Judiciary, who serves until the end of its 5-years-term, its dismissal by the CGPJ or its resignation.
The President of the Supreme Court also chairs the special courts, such as the Jurisdiction Conflicts Chamber which resolve conflicts between the civil and military justice, the Jurisdiction Conflicts Court which resolve conflicts between the Courts of Justice and the Administration, the Competence Conflicts Chamber which resolve conflicts between different Courts of Justice and the Chamber for Section 61, which is in charge of major cases against the Supreme Court justices, of reviewing some sentences and of the illegalization of political parties when they promote illicit activities, do not have a democratic internal organization or there is any cause of illegality foreseen in the Criminal Code.
Since the Supreme Court was established in 1812, 47 people have served as president. The first was Ramón Posada y Soto (1812–1814). The General Council of the Judiciary was established in 1978 and the first meeting was in 1980, electing Ángel Escudero del Corral as its president. The current acting president of the Supreme Court is Francisco Marín Castán since 2022.[3]
Functions
According to Article 598 of the Judiciary Organic Act, the CGPJ President is entitled to:[4]
To represent the General Council of the Judiciary.
To summon and chair the meetings of the Plenary and the Permanent Committee, deciding the ties with a vote of quality.
To establish the agenda of the meetings of the Plenary and of the Permanent Committee.
To propose to the Plenary and to the Permanent Committee any issue it deems appropriate regarding their competence.
To propose the appointment of the judge in charge of giving judgment to Council to prepare the resolution of a matter.
To authorize with its signature the agreements of the Plenary and of the Permanent Committee.
To exercise the superior direction of the activities of the technical organs of the General Council of the Judiciary.
To establish the policy of the CGPJ Press Office.
To appoint and dismiss the Director of the Office of the President and the Director of the Press Office, as well as the eventual staff at the service of the President.
To carry out the nomination of the Magistrate, of the Second or Third Chamber of the Supreme Court, competent to authorize of the activities of the National Intelligence Center that affect the fundamental rights recognized in Section 18.2 and 3 of the Constitution, as well as the nomination of the Magistrate of said Chambers of the Supreme Court that replaces him in case of vacancy, absence or impossibility.
To propose to the Plenary the appointment of the Vice President of the Supreme Court,[5] the Secretary-General and the Deputy Secretary-General, as well as, in the last two cases, agree its dismissal.
The president may assign tasks to specific CGPJ Vowels or working groups provided that this assignment is not permanent or with no time limit.
Subordinations
From the President of the Supreme Court depends the Office or Cabinet of the Presidency, headed by a Director who is freely appointed and dismissed by the incumbent president. This office and tis director exercise the duties that the president entrusts him and directs the Services of Secretariat of Presidency, both of the Supreme Court and the General Council of the Judiciary.[6]
Only a Magistrate of the Supreme Court or those members of the judicial career or jurists of recognized competence who meet the legal requirements to access the category of Magistrate of the Supreme Court may hold the office of Director of the Office of the Presidency.
Election
According to the provisions of Section 586 of the Judiciary Organic Act, to be elected President of the Supreme Court and the General Council of the Judiciary:
«It will be necessary to be a member of the judicial career with the category of Magistrate of the Supreme Court and to meet the conditions required to be President of a Chamber of the Supreme Court, or to be a jurist of recognized competence with more than twenty-five years of seniority in the exercise of the profession»
—Section 586.1, LOPJ
The president is elected in the Plenary of the Council if he has obtained the confidence of three fifths of the members of the Plenary. If this was not the case, a second ballot would be held between the two candidates most voted in the first ballot, and the one who obtained the most support would be elected president. Once elected, the election will be communicated to the Monarch who will appoint the nominated candidate to be president. Subsequently, the appointed president will take oath before the Monarch and the Plenary of the Court.[7]
Cessation
Pursuant to Section 588 of the Judiciary Organic Act, the President of the Supreme Court and the General Council of the Judiciary shall cease for the following reasons:[8]
Due to the expiration of his term of office, which will be deemed exhausted, in any case, on the same date as the one of the Council for which he was elected.
By resignation.
By decision of the Plenum of the General Council of the Judiciary, because of notorious incapacity or serious breach of the duties of the position, appreciated by three fifths of its members.
Oath
The Oath of the President of the Supreme Court, all the judges of the Court and all the members of the judicial career is regulated in Section 318 of the Organic Act of the Judiciary.
«I faithfully swear (or promise) to obey and enforce at all times the Constitution and the rest of the legal system, with loyalty to the Crown, administer fair and impartial justice and fulfill my judicial duties before all.»
—LOPJ, Section 318
List of presidents of the Supreme Court and the CGPJ
Since 1812, there have been numerous presidents of the Supreme Court, however, the General Council of the Judiciary is relatively younger. This list only includes the presidents who have been at the same time presidents of the General Council of the Judiciary:
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