| Prospero Intorcetta | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Prospero Intorcetta in 1671 | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 殷 鐸 澤 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 殷 铎 泽 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Prospero Intorcetta (1625-1696),known to the Chinese as Yin Duoze,was an Italian Jesuit missionary to the Qing Empire. The first to translate the works of Confucius in Europe.
Prospero Intorcetta was born in Piazza Armerina,Sicily,on August 28th 1625.
Traveling with the Flemish Jesuit Philippe Couplet,he reached China in 1659. There,he mostly worked in the Jiangnan region around the lower Yangtze River. [1]
He died on October 3rd 1696 in Hangzhou.[ citation needed ]
Intorcetta studied Chinese philosophy. In 1662,he published the study of the Four Books of Confucianism in a Latin work entitled The Meaning of Chinese Wisdom. [2] In 1667,he published the Politico-Moral Knowledge of the Chinese (Sinarum Scientia Politico-moralis). In 1687,under Philippe Couplet's guidance,he worked with Christian Wolfgang Herdtrich and François de Rougemont to compile an influential Latin overview of Chinese history and translation of some of the Confucian classics under the title Confucius,Philosopher of the Chinese (Confucius Sinarum Philosophus).
Confucius was a Chinese philosopher and politician of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. Confucius's teachings and philosophy underpin East Asian culture and society,remaining influential across China and East Asia to this day.
The Society of Jesus,commonly known as the Jesuits,is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions,with the approval of Pope Paul III. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations. Jesuits work in education,research,and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also conduct retreats,minister in hospitals and parishes,sponsor direct social and humanitarian ministries,and promote ecumenical dialogue.
The Chinese Rites controversy was a dispute among Roman Catholic missionaries over the religiosity of Confucianism and Chinese rituals during the 17th and 18th centuries. The debate discussed whether Chinese ritual practices of honoring family ancestors and other formal Confucian and Chinese imperial rites qualified as religious rites and were thus incompatible with Catholic belief. The Jesuits argued that these Chinese rites were secular rituals that were compatible with Christianity,within certain limits,and should thus be tolerated. The Dominicans and Franciscans,however,disagreed and reported the issue to Rome.
Mencius;born Meng Ke;or Mengzi was a Chinese Confucian philosopher who has often been described as the "second Sage",that is,second to Confucius himself. He is part of Confucius' fourth generation of disciples. Mencius inherited Confucius' ideology and developed it further. Living during the Warring States period,he is said to have spent much of his life travelling around the states offering counsel to different rulers. Conversations with these rulers form the basis of the Mencius,which would later be canonised as a Confucian classic.
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1687.
Figurism was an intellectual movement of Jesuit missionaries at the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century,whose participants viewed the I Ching as a prophetic book containing the mysteries of Christianity,and prioritized working with the Qing Emperor as a way of promoting Christianity in China.
Joachim Bouvet was a French Jesuit who worked in China,and the leading member of the Figurist movement.
Xu Guangqi or HsüKuang-ch'i,also known by his baptismal name Paul,was a Chinese agronomist,astronomer,mathematician,politician,and writer during the Ming dynasty. Xu was a colleague and collaborator of the Italian Jesuits Matteo Ricci and Sabatino de Ursis and assisted their translation of several classic Western texts into Chinese,including part of Euclid's Elements. He was also the author of the Nong Zheng Quan Shu,a treatise on agriculture. He was one of the "Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism";the Roman Catholic Church considers him a Servant of God. On April 15,2011,Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi announced the beatification of Xu Guangqi.
Zhang Juzheng,courtesy name Shuda,pseudonym Taiyue,was a Chinese politician who served as Senior Grand Secretary in the late Ming dynasty during the reigns of the Longqing and Wanli emperors. He represented what might be termed the "new Legalism",aiming to ensure that the gentry worked for the state. Alluding to performance evaluations,he said:"Everyone is talking about real responsibility,but without a clear reward and punishment system,who is going to risk life and hardship for the country?" One of his chief goals was to reform the gentry and rationalize the bureaucracy together with his political rival Gao Gong,who was concerned that offices were providing income with little responsibility. Taking the Hongwu Emperor as his standard and ruling as de facto Prime Minister,Zhang's true historical significance comes from his centralization of existing reforms,positioning the reformative agency of the state over that of the gentry—the "Legalist" idea of the sovereignty of the state.
Nicolas Trigault (1577–1628) was a Jesuit,and a missionary in China. He was also known by his latinised name Nicolaus Trigautius or Trigaultius,and his Chinese name Jin Nige.
Johann(es) Schreck,also Terrenz or Terrentius Constantiensis,Deng Yuhan Hanpo 鄧玉函,Deng Zhen Lohan,was a German Jesuit,missionary to China and polymath. He is credited with the development of scientific-technical terminology in Chinese.
Missionary work of the Catholic Church has often been undertaken outside the geographically defined parishes and dioceses by religious orders who have people and material resources to spare,and some of which specialized in missions. Eventually,parishes and dioceses would be organized worldwide,often after an intermediate phase as an apostolic prefecture or apostolic vicariate. Catholic mission has predominantly been carried out by the Latin Church in practice.
Christian Wolfgang Herdtrich was an Austrian Jesuit missionary to the Qing Empire. As he wrote his works in Latin,he is also known as Christianus Herdtrich.
Philippe or Philip Couplet (1623–1693),known in China as Bai Yingli,was a Flemish Jesuit missionary to the Qing Empire. He worked with his fellow missionaries to compile the influential Confucius,Philosopher of the Chinese,published in Paris in 1687. As his works were in Latin,he is also sometimes known as Philippus Couplet.
Louis Fan,born Fan Shouyi and also known as Luigi Fan,was the first known Chinese person to travel to Europe,return,and write an account of his travels. However,he was preceded by Michael Shen Fu-Tsung,Arcadio Huang,and Rabban Bar Sauma,all of whom died abroad instead of returning to China.
Manuel Dias the Younger was a Portuguese Jesuit missionary.
De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu ... is a book based on an Italian manuscript written by the most important founding figure of the Jesuit China mission,Matteo Ricci (1552–1610),expanded and translated into Latin by his colleague Nicolas Trigault (1577–1628). The book was first published in 1615 in Augsburg.
The history of the missions of the Jesuits in China is part of the history of relations between China and the Western world. The missionary efforts and other work of the Society of Jesus,or Jesuits,between the 16th and 17th century played a significant role in continuing the transmission of knowledge,science,and culture between China and the West,and influenced Christian culture in Chinese society today.
Lazzaro Cattaneo,,was an Italian Jesuit missionary who invented the first tone markings for Chinese transcription.
François Noël was a Flemish Jesuit poet,dramatist,and missionary to the Qing Empire. Nöel unsuccessfully testified in support of Chinese converts to Catholicism retaining ancestral veneration during the Chinese Rites controversy but also opposed incorporating other elements of Confucianism into Catholic practice. He also achieved notability for translating several Chinese texts for European audiences.
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