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A quantum computer is a computer that takes advantage of quantum mechanical phenomena.
In quantum computing, a qubit or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state quantum-mechanical system, one of the simplest quantum systems displaying the peculiarity of quantum mechanics. Examples include the spin of the electron in which the two levels can be taken as spin up and spin down; or the polarization of a single photon in which the two spin states can also be measured as horizontal and vertical linear polarization. In a classical system, a bit would have to be in one state or the other. However, quantum mechanics allows the qubit to be in a coherent superposition of both states simultaneously, a property that is fundamental to quantum mechanics and quantum computing.
This is a timeline of quantum computing.
In logic circuits, the Toffoli gate, invented by Tommaso Toffoli, is a universal reversible logic gate, which means that any classical reversible circuit can be constructed from Toffoli gates. It is also known as the "controlled-controlled-not" gate, which describes its action. It has 3-bit inputs and outputs; if the first two bits are both set to 1, it inverts the third bit, otherwise all bits stay the same.
A Rydberg atom is an excited atom with one or more electrons that have a very high principal quantum number, n. The higher the value of n, the farther the electron is from the nucleus, on average. Rydberg atoms have a number of peculiar properties including an exaggerated response to electric and magnetic fields, long decay periods and electron wavefunctions that approximate, under some conditions, classical orbits of electrons about the nuclei. The core electrons shield the outer electron from the electric field of the nucleus such that, from a distance, the electric potential looks identical to that experienced by the electron in a hydrogen atom.
Quantum programming is the process of designing or assembling sequences of instructions, called quantum circuits, using gates, switches, and operators to manipulate a quantum system for a desired outcome or results of a given experiment. Quantum circuit algorithms can be implemented on integrated circuits, conducted with instrumentation, or written in a programming language for use with a quantum computer or a quantum processor.
Quantum networks form an important element of quantum computing and quantum communication systems. Quantum networks facilitate the transmission of information in the form of quantum bits, also called qubits, between physically separated quantum processors. A quantum processor is a machine able to perform quantum circuits on a certain number of qubits. Quantum networks work in a similar way to classical networks. The main difference is that quantum networking, like quantum computing, is better at solving certain problems, such as modeling quantum systems.
D-Wave Quantum Systems Inc. is a Canadian quantum computing company, based in Burnaby, British Columbia. D-Wave claims to be the world's first company to sell computers that exploit quantum effects in their operation. D-Wave's early customers include Lockheed Martin, University of Southern California, Google/NASA and Los Alamos National Lab.
The toric code is a topological quantum error correcting code, and an example of a stabilizer code, defined on a two-dimensional spin lattice. It is the simplest and most well studied of the quantum double models. It is also the simplest example of topological order—Z2 topological order (first studied in the context of Z2 spin liquid in 1991). The toric code can also be considered to be a Z2 lattice gauge theory in a particular limit. It was introduced by Alexei Kitaev.
Quantum scarring refers to a phenomenon where the eigenstates of a classically chaotic quantum system have enhanced probability density around the paths of unstable classical periodic orbits. The instability of the periodic orbit is a decisive point that differentiates quantum scars from the more trivial observation that the probability density is enhanced in the neighborhood of stable periodic orbits. The latter can be understood as a purely classical phenomenon, a manifestation of the Bohr correspondence principle, whereas in the former, quantum interference is essential. As such, scarring is both a visual example of quantum-classical correspondence, and simultaneously an example of a (local) quantum suppression of chaos.
Quantum simulators permit the study of a quantum system in a programmable fashion. In this instance, simulators are special purpose devices designed to provide insight about specific physics problems. Quantum simulators may be contrasted with generally programmable "digital" quantum computers, which would be capable of solving a wider class of quantum problems.
Mikhail Lukin ; born 10 October 1971) is a Russian theoretical and experimental physicist and a professor at Harvard University. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2018.
Solid light, often referred to in media as "hard light" or "hard-light", is a hypothetical material, made of light in a solidified state. It has been theorized that this could exist, and experiments claim to have created solid photonic matter or molecules by inducing strong interaction between photons. Potential applications of this could include logic gates for quantum computers and room-temperature superconductor development.
Cloud-based quantum computing is the invocation of quantum emulators, simulators or processors through the cloud. Increasingly, cloud services are being looked on as the method for providing access to quantum processing. Quantum computers achieve their massive computing power by initiating quantum physics into processing power and when users are allowed access to these quantum-powered computers through the internet it is known as quantum computing within the cloud.
Quantum volume is a metric that measures the capabilities and error rates of a quantum computer. It expresses the maximum size of square quantum circuits that can be implemented successfully by the computer. The form of the circuits is independent from the quantum computer architecture, but compiler can transform and optimize it to take advantage of the computer's features. Thus, quantum volumes for different architectures can be compared.
Giuseppe Carleo is an Italian physicist. He is a professor of computational physics at EPFL and the head of the Laboratory of Computational Quantum Science.
Dirk Robert Englund is an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is known for his research in quantum photonics and optical computing.
References
- ↑ "QuEraComputing/Bloqade.jl". Github. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- 1 2 3 Russell, John (23 November 2022). "QuEra's Quest: Build a Flexible Neutral Atom-based Quantum Computer". HPCWire. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- ↑ "QuEraComputing/GenericTensorNetworks.jl". Github. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- ↑ Semeghini, Giulia; Levine, Harry; Keesling, Alexander; Ebadi, Sepehr; Wang, Tout; Bluvstein, Dolev; Verresen, Ruben; Pichler, Hannes; Kalinowski, Marcin; Samajdar, Rhine; Omran, Ahmed; Sachdev, Subir; Vishwanath, Ashvin; Greiner, Markus; Vuletić, Vladan; Lukin, Mikhail (Dec 2, 2021). "Probing topological spin liquids on a programmable quantum simulator". Science. 374 (6572): 1242–1247. arXiv: 2104.04119 . doi:10.1126/science.abi8794 . Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- ↑ Ebadi, Sepehr; Keesling, Alexander; Cain, Madelyn; Wang, Tout; Levine, Harry; Bluvstein, Dolev; Semeghini, Giulia; Omran, Ahmed; Liu, Jin-Guo; Samajdar, Rhine; Luo, Xiuzhe; Nash, Beatrice; Gao, Xun; Barak, Boaz; Farhi, Edward; Sachdev, Subir; Gemelke, Nathan; Zhou, Leo; Choi, Soonwon; Pichler, Hannes; Wang, Shengtao; Greiner, Markus; Vuletić, Vladan; Lukin, Mikhail (May 5, 2022). "Quantum optimization of maximum independent set using Rydberg atom arrays". Science. 376 (6598): 1209–1215. arXiv: 2202.09372 . doi:10.1126/science.abo6587.
- ↑ Park, Kate (17 November 2021). "QuEra Computing emerges from stealth with $17M to launch quantum device". TechCrunch. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- ↑ Sullivan, Mark (17 November 2021). "This quantum computing startup says it's ready to take on IBM and Google". Fast Company. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- ↑ Hu, Charlotte (10 February 2023). "How neutral atoms could help power next-gen quantum computers". Popular Science. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- ↑ Bray, Hiawatha (2 November 2022). "Boston's QuEra Computing opens". Boston Globe. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- ↑ Lee, Jane (2 November 2022). "Boston-based quantum computer QuEra joins Amazon's cloud for public access". Reuters. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- ↑ Timmer, John. "Grid of atoms is both a quantum computer and an optimization solver". Ars Technica. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- ↑ Nguyen, Minh-Thi; Liu, Jin-Guo; Wurtz, Jonathan; Lukin, Mikhail D.; Wang, Sheng-Tao; Pichler, Hannes (Feb 14, 2023). "Quantum Optimization with Arbitrary Connectivity Using Rydberg Atom Arrays". PRX Quantum. 4 (1): 010316. arXiv: 2209.03965 . doi:10.1103/PRXQuantum.4.010316 . Retrieved 18 July 2023.