Cloud-based quantum computing

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Cloud-based quantum computing is the invocation of quantum emulators, simulators or processors through the cloud. Increasingly, cloud services are being looked on as the method for providing access to quantum processing. Quantum computers achieve their massive computing power by initiating quantum physics into processing power and when users are allowed access to these quantum-powered computers through the internet it is known as quantum computing within the cloud.

Contents

In 2016, IBM connected a small quantum computer to the cloud and it allows for simple programs to be built and executed on the cloud. [1] In early 2017, researchers from Rigetti Computing demonstrated the first programmable cloud access using the pyQuil Python library. [2] Many people from academic researchers and professors to schoolkids, have already built programs that run many different quantum algorithms using the program tools. Some consumers hoped to use the fast computing to model financial markets or to build more advanced AI systems. These use methods allow people outside a professional lab or institution to experience and learn more about such a phenomenal technology. [3]

Application

Cloud based quantum computing is used in several contexts:

Existing platforms

Next to the quantum chips, the platform gives access to QX, a quantum emulator backend. Two instances of the QX emulator are available, emulating up to 26 qubits on a commodity cloud-based server and up to 31 qubits using one 'fat' nodes on Cartesius, the Dutch national supercomputer of SurfSara. Circuit based quantum algorithms can be created through a graphical user interface or through the Python-based Quantum Inspire SDK, providing a backend for the projectQ framework, the Qiskit framework. Quantum Inspire provides a knowledge base [22] with user guides and some example algorithms written in cQASM.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Computing</span> Activity involving calculations or computing machinery

Computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and development of both hardware and software. Computing has scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological and social aspects. Major computing disciplines include computer engineering, computer science, cybersecurity, data science, information systems, information technology, digital art and software engineering.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quantum computing</span> Technology that uses quantum mechanics

A quantum computer is a computer that takes advantage of quantum mechanical phenomena.

This is a timeline of quantum computing.

In quantum computing, a quantum algorithm is an algorithm which runs on a realistic model of quantum computation, the most commonly used model being the quantum circuit model of computation. A classical algorithm is a finite sequence of instructions, or a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem, where each step or instruction can be performed on a classical computer. Similarly, a quantum algorithm is a step-by-step procedure, where each of the steps can be performed on a quantum computer. Although all classical algorithms can also be performed on a quantum computer, the term quantum algorithm is usually used for those algorithms which seem inherently quantum, or use some essential feature of quantum computation such as quantum superposition or quantum entanglement.

Quantum information science is a field that combines the principles of quantum mechanics with information science to study the processing, analysis, and transmission of information. It covers both theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum physics, including the limits of what can be achieved with quantum information. The term quantum information theory is sometimes used, but it does not include experimental research and can be confused with a subfield of quantum information science that deals with the processing of quantum information.

Superconducting quantum computing is a branch of solid state quantum computing that implements superconducting electronic circuits using superconducting qubits as artificial atoms, or quantum dots. For superconducting qubits, the two logic states are the ground state and the excited state, denoted respectively. Research in superconducting quantum computing is conducted by companies such as Google, IBM, IMEC, BBN Technologies, Rigetti, and Intel. Many recently developed QPUs utilize superconducting architecture.

Quantum programming is the process of designing or assembling sequences of instructions, called quantum circuits, using gates, switches, and operators to manipulate a quantum system for a desired outcome or results of a given experiment. Quantum circuit algorithms can be implemented on integrated circuits, conducted with instrumentation, or written in a programming language for use with a quantum computer or a quantum processor.

D-Wave Two is the second commercially available quantum computer, and the successor to the first commercially available quantum computer, D-Wave One. Both computers were developed by Canadian company D-Wave Systems. The computers are not general purpose, but rather are designed for quantum annealing. Specifically, the computers are designed to use quantum annealing to solve a single type of problem known as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization. As of 2015, it was still debated whether large-scale entanglement takes place in D-Wave Two, and whether current or future generations of D-Wave computers will have any advantage over classical computers.

IBM Quantum Platform is an online platform allowing public and premium access to cloud-based quantum computing services provided by IBM. This includes access to a set of IBM's prototype quantum processors, a set of tutorials on quantum computation, and access to an interactive textbook. As of February 2021, there are over 20 devices on the service, six of which are freely available for the public. This service can be used to run algorithms and experiments, and explore tutorials and simulations around what might be possible with quantum computing.

In quantum computing, quantum supremacy or quantum advantage is the goal of demonstrating that a programmable quantum computer can solve a problem that no classical computer can solve in any feasible amount of time, irrespective of the usefulness of the problem. The term was coined by John Preskill in 2012, but the concept dates back to Yuri Manin's 1980 and Richard Feynman's 1981 proposals of quantum computing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rigetti Computing</span> American quantum computing company

Rigetti Computing, Inc. is a Berkeley, California-based developer of quantum integrated circuits used for quantum computers. The company also develops a cloud platform called Forest that enables programmers to write quantum algorithms.

Open Quantum Assembly Language is a programming language designed for describing quantum circuits and algorithms for execution on quantum computers. It is designed to be an intermediate representation that can be used by higher-level compilers to communicate with quantum hardware, and allows for the description of a wide range of quantum operations, as well as classical feed-forward flow control based on measurement outcomes.

Quil is a quantum instruction set architecture that first introduced a shared quantum/classical memory model. It was introduced by Robert Smith, Michael Curtis, and William Zeng in A Practical Quantum Instruction Set Architecture. Many quantum algorithms require a shared memory architecture. Quil is being developed for the superconducting quantum processors developed by Rigetti Computing through the Forest quantum programming API. A Python library called pyQuil was introduced to develop Quil programs with higher level constructs. A Quil backend is also supported by other quantum programming environments.

Quantum volume is a metric that measures the capabilities and error rates of a quantum computer. It expresses the maximum size of square quantum circuits that can be implemented successfully by the computer. The form of the circuits is independent from the quantum computer architecture, but compiler can transform and optimize it to take advantage of the computer's features. Thus, quantum volumes for different architectures can be compared.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qiskit</span>

Qiskit is an open-source software development kit (SDK) for working with quantum computers at the level of circuits, pulses, and algorithms. It provides tools for creating and manipulating quantum programs and running them on prototype quantum devices on IBM Quantum Platform or on simulators on a local computer. It follows the circuit model for universal quantum computation, and can be used for any quantum hardware that follows this model.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IBM Q System One</span> First circuit-based commercial quantum computer

IBM Quantum System One is the first circuit-based commercial quantum computer, introduced by IBM in January 2019.

Cirq is an open-source framework for noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) computers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Xanadu Quantum Technologies</span> Quantum computing company based in Toronto, Canada

Xanadu Quantum Technologies is a Canadian quantum computing hardware and software company headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. The company develops cloud accessible photonic quantum computers and develops open-source software for quantum machine learning and simulating quantum photonic devices.

This glossary of quantum computing is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in quantum computing, its sub-disciplines, and related fields.

References

  1. ↑ "IBM Q Experience". quantumexperience.ng.bluemix.net. Archived from the original on 2019-06-14. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
  2. ↑ "Rigetti Computing Software Demo:Forest". YouTube . Retrieved 2021-02-03.
  3. ↑ Chen, Xi; Cheng, Bin; Li, Zhaokai; Nie, Xinfang; Yu, Nengkun; Yung, Man-Hong; Peng, Xinhua (2018). "Experimental Cryptographic Verification for Near-Term Quantum Cloud Computing". arXiv: 1808.07375 [quant-ph].
  4. ↑ "Undergraduates on a cloud using IBM Quantum Experience". 9 June 2016.
  5. ↑ Fedortchenko, Serguei (8 July 2016). "A quantum teleportation experiment for undergraduate students". arXiv: 1607.02398 [quant-ph].
  6. ↑ Alsina, Daniel; Latorre, José Ignacio (11 July 2016). "Experimental test of Mermin inequalities on a five-qubit quantum computer". Physical Review A. 94 (1): 012314. arXiv: 1605.04220 . Bibcode:2016PhRvA..94a2314A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.94.012314. S2CID   119189277.
  7. ↑ Devitt, Simon J. (29 September 2016). "Performing quantum computing experiments in the cloud". Physical Review A. 94 (3): 032329. arXiv: 1605.05709 . Bibcode:2016PhRvA..94c2329D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.94.032329. S2CID   119217150.
  8. ↑ Linke, Norbert M.; Maslov, Dmitri; Roetteler, Martin; Debnath, Shantanu; Figgatt, Caroline; Landsman, Kevin A.; Wright, Kenneth; Monroe, Christopher (28 March 2017). "Experimental comparison of two quantum computing architectures". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (13): 3305–3310. arXiv: 1702.01852 . Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.3305L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1618020114 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   5380037 . PMID   28325879.
  9. ↑ Wootton, James (12 March 2017). "Why we need to make quantum games". Medium.
  10. ↑ qbraid.com
  11. ↑ Heurtel, Nicolas; Fyrillas, Andreas; de Gliniasty, Grégoire; Le Bihan, Raphaël; Malherbe, Sébastien; Pailhas, Marceau; Bertasi, Eric; Bourdoncle, Boris; Emeriau, Pierre-Emmanuel; Mezher, Rawad; Music, Luka; Belabas, Nadia; Valiron, Benoît; Senellart, Pascale; Mansfield, Shane; Senellart, Jean (February 21, 2023). "Perceval: A Software Platform for Discrete Variable Photonic Quantum Computing". Quantum. 7: 931. arXiv: 2204.00602 . Bibcode:2023Quant...7..931H. doi:10.22331/q-2023-02-21-931. S2CID   247922568.
  12. ↑ Choi, Charles Q. (9 September 2020). "First Photonic Quantum Computer on the Cloud". IEEE Spectrum.
  13. ↑ Smith, Robert S.; Curtis, Michael J.; Zeng, William J. (2016-08-10). "A Practical Quantum Instruction Set Architecture". arXiv: 1608.03355 [quant-ph].
  14. ↑ "IBM Q Homepage". 2 April 2009.
  15. ↑ "IBM Quantum Experience". 2 April 2009.
  16. ↑ "IBM Q Experience tutorial".
  17. ↑ "Quantum devices and simulators". 2 April 2009.
  18. ↑ "IBM Q Network". 2 April 2009.
  19. ↑ "Quantum in the Cloud". bristol.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-07-20.
  20. ↑ "Quantum Computing Playground". quantumplayground.net. Retrieved 2017-07-20.
  21. ↑ "QuTech Announces Quantum Inspire, Europe's First Public Quantum Computing Platform". quantumcomputingreport.com. 22 April 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
  22. ↑ "The basics of Quantum Computing". Quantum Inspire. Retrieved 15 Nov 2018.
  23. ↑ Lardinois, Frederic. "QC Ware Forge will give developers access to quantum hardware and simulators across vendors". TechCrunch. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
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