Rachel Haymon

Last updated
Rachel Michal Haymon
Born1953 [1]
Alma materUniversity of California, San Diego
Scientific career
InstitutionsUniversity of California, Santa Barbara
Thesis Hydrothermal deposition on the East Pacific Rise at 21° N  (1982)

Rachel Haymon is a marine geologist known for her work linking geological and biological processes occurring at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. In 2005 she was elected a fellow of the Geological Society of America.

Contents

Education and career

As a child growing up in Baton Rouge Louisiana, Marie Curie was the only woman scientist Haymon knew. [2] Haymon had multiple ideas about careers as a child, including several scientific options such as oceanographer, archeologist, astronaut. or paleontologist. [3] In college, she decided to study geology and has a B.A. from Rice University (1976). In 1982, she earned her Ph.D. from the University of California, San Diego working on hydrothermal deposits at 21°N on the East Pacific Rise. [4] Following her Ph.D., she accepted a position at the University of California, Santa Barbara where she was promoted to professor in 1998. [5] Haymon retired from full professor in 2010. [6]

Research

Haymon's research centers on the deposition of minerals at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Haymon's work on ophiolites in Oman revealed fossils of hydrothermal vent worms [7] [8] and geological evidence of hydrothermal venting. [9] As a graduate student, Haymon worked on the mineralogy of hydrothermal vents at 21ºN North along the East Pacific Rise using samples collected during the RISE project. [10] [11] [12] Using data from 1989, Haymon mapped the distribution of hydrothermal vents along the 9ºNorth of the East Pacific Rise. [13] Then, in 1991, Haymon led the team that returned to this site and discovered a recent eruption on the seafloor. [14] They dubbed the area "Tube Worm Barbecue" because of the dead tubes worms found in the regions with recent lava flow. [15] [16] Haymon described the excitement of seeing the outcome of the recent eruption in a subsequent newspaper article. [17] Repeated visits to the area revealed the tube worms were gone within eleven months after the eruption, replaced by small fish, octopus, and crabs. [16] [18] Later work by Haymon on the East Pacific Rise revealed hydrothermal venting along the ridge-flank sites, away from the black smokers. [19] In 2006, Haymon led the team that discovered the first black smokers within the hydrothermal vents fields near the Galapagos. [20] [21]

Selected publications

Awards and honors

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrothermal vent</span> Fissure in a planets surface from which heated water emits

Hydrothermal vents are fissures on the seabed from which geothermally heated water discharges. They are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart at mid-ocean ridges, ocean basins, and hotspots. Hydrothermal deposits are rocks and mineral ore deposits formed by the action of hydrothermal vents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount</span> Active submarine volcano off the southeast coast of the island of Hawaii

Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount is an active submarine volcano about 22 mi (35 km) off the southeast coast of the island of Hawaii. The top of the seamount is about 3,200 ft (975 m) below sea level. This seamount is on the flank of Mauna Loa, the largest active subaerial shield volcano on Earth. Kamaʻehuakanaloa is the newest volcano in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, a string of volcanoes that stretches about 3,900 mi (6,200 km) northwest of Kamaʻehuakanaloa. Unlike most active volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean that make up the active plate margins on the Pacific Ring of Fire, Kamaʻehuakanaloa and the other volcanoes of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain are hotspot volcanoes and formed well away from the nearest plate boundary. Volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands arise from the Hawaii hotspot, and as the youngest volcano in the chain, Kamaʻehuakanaloa is the only Hawaiian volcano in the deep submarine preshield stage of development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Pacific Rise</span> A mid-oceanic ridge at a divergent tectonic plate boundary on the floor of the Pacific Ocean

The East Pacific Rise (EPR) is a mid-ocean rise, at a divergent tectonic plate boundary, located along the floor of the Pacific Ocean. It separates the Pacific Plate to the west from the North American Plate, the Rivera Plate, the Cocos Plate, the Nazca Plate, and the Antarctic Plate. It runs south from the Gulf of California in the Salton Sea basin in Southern California to a point near 55°S130°W, where it joins the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (PAR) trending west-southwest towards Antarctica, near New Zealand. Much of the rise lies about 3,200 km (2,000 mi) off the South American coast and rises about 1,800–2,700 m (5,900–8,900 ft) above the surrounding seafloor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seafloor massive sulfide deposits</span> Mineral deposits from seafloor hydrothermal vents

Seafloor massive sulfide deposits or SMS deposits, are modern equivalents of ancient volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits or VMS deposits. The term has been coined by mineral explorers to differentiate the modern deposit from the ancient.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Healy Seamount</span> Submarine volcano in New Zealands Kermadec Islands

James Healy Seamount is a submarine volcano located among the South Kermadec Ridge Seamounts south of New Zealand's Kermadec Islands. It consists of a volcanic cone that reaches a depth of 1,150 metres (3,770 ft) below sea level, two 2–2.5 kilometres (1.2–1.6 mi) and 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) wide calderas and a parasitic cone that reaches a depth of 950 metres (3,120 ft) below sea level. The flanks of the volcano are covered with pumice and volcanic rocks, and hydrothermal venting occurs inside the caldera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leaky transform fault</span> Transform fault producing new crust

A leaky transform fault is a transform fault with volcanic activity along a significant portion of its length producing new crust. In addition to the regular strike-slip motion observed at transform boundaries, an oblique extensional component is present, resulting in motion of the plates that is not parallel to the plate boundary. This opens the fault, allowing melt to break through and cool on the ocean floor, producing new crust. This extensional component can come from a slight shift in the position of a plate's Euler Pole. In order to accommodate oblique motion along the plate boundary, these leaky transform faults can break up into a series of small transforms linked by short segments of spreading ridges. These new transforms will follow small circles centred on the new Euler Pole.

Macdonald seamount is a seamount in Polynesia, southeast of the Austral Islands and in the neighbourhood of a system of seamounts that include the Ngatemato seamounts and the Taukina seamounts. It rises 4,200 metres (13,800 ft) from the seafloor to a depth of about 40 metres (130 ft) and has a flat top, but the height of its top appears to vary with volcanic activity. There are some subsidiary cones such as Macdocald seamount. The seamount was discovered in 1967 and has been periodically active with gas release and seismic activity since then. There is hydrothermal activity on Macdonald, and the vents are populated by hyperthermophilic bacteria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kenneth C. Macdonald</span> American oceanographer (born 1947)

Kenneth Craig Macdonald is an American oceanographer and marine geophysicist born in San Francisco, California in 1947. As of 2018 he is professor emeritus at the Department of Earth Science and the Marine Sciences Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB). His work focuses on the tectonics and geophysics of the global mid-oceanic ridge including its spreading centers and transform faults, two of the three types of plate boundaries central to the theory of plate tectonics. His work has taken him to the north and south Atlantic oceans, the north and south Pacific oceans, the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the Sea of Cortez, as well as to the deep seafloor on over 50 dives in the research submersible ALVIN. Macdonald has participated in over 40 deep sea expeditions, and was chief- or co-chief scientist on 31 expeditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Overlapping spreading centers</span> Feature of spreading centers at mid-ocean ridges

Overlapping spreading centers are a feature of spreading centers at mid-ocean ridges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Propagating rift</span> Seafloor feature associated with spreading centers at mid-ocean ridges and back-arc basins

A propagating rift is a seafloor feature associated with spreading centers at mid-ocean ridges and back-arc basins. They are more commonly observed on faster rate spreading centers. These features are formed by the lengthening of one spreading segment at the expense of an offset neighboring spreading segment. Hence, these are remnant features produced by migration of the tip of a spreading center. In other words, as the tip of a spreading center migrates or grows, the plate itself grows at the expense of the shrinking plate, transferring lithosphere from the shrinking plate to the growing plate.

Kathleen (Kathy) Crane is an American marine geologist, best known for her contributions to the discovery of hydrothermal vents on the Galápagos Rift along the East Pacific Rise in the mid-1970s.

Crough Seamount is a seamount in the Pacific Ocean, within the exclusive economic zone of Pitcairn. It rises to a depth of 650 metres (2,130 ft) and is paired with a taller but overall smaller seamount to the east. This seamount has a flat top and probably formed an island in the past. It is about 7-8 million years old, although a large earthquake recorded at its position in 1955 may indicate a recent eruption.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vailuluʻu</span> Volcanic seamount in the Samoa Islands

Vailuluʻu is a volcanic seamount discovered in 1975. It rises from the sea floor to a depth of 593 m (1,946 ft) and is located between Taʻu and Rose islands at the eastern end of the Samoa hotspot chain. The basaltic seamount is considered to mark the current location of the Samoa hotspot. The summit of Vailuluʻu contains a 2 km wide, 400 m deep oval-shaped caldera. Two principal rift zones extend east and west from the summit, parallel to the trend of the Samoan hotspot. A third less prominent rift extends southeast of the summit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RISE project</span> 1979 international marine research project

The RISE Project (Rivera Submersible Experiments) was a 1979 international marine research project which mapped and investigated seafloor spreading in the Pacific Ocean, at the crest of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 21° north latitude. Using a deep sea submersible (ALVIN) to search for hydrothermal activity at depths around 2600 meters, the project discovered a series of vents emitting dark mineral particles at extremely high temperatures which gave rise to the popular name, "black smokers". Biologic communities found at 21° N vents, based on chemosynthesis and similar to those found at the Galapagos spreading center, established that these communities are not unique. Discovery of a deep-sea ecosystem not based on sunlight spurred theories of the origin of life on Earth.

Lamont seamount chain is a chain of submarine mountains in the eastern Pacific Ocean which are named "Sasha", "MIB", "MOK", "DTD" and "NEW". They are located close to the East Pacific Rise and reach a minimum depth of 1,629 metres (5,344 ft).

Heat-pipe tectonics is a cooling mode of terrestrial planets and moons in which the main heat transport mechanism in the planet is volcanism through the outer hard shell, also called the lithosphere. Heat-pipe tectonics initiates when volcanism becomes the dominant surface heat transfer process. Melted rocks and other more volatile planetary materials are transferred from the mantle to surface via localised vents. Melts cool down and solidify forming layers of cool volcanic materials. Newly erupted materials deposit on top of and bury older layers. The accumulation of volcanic layers on the shell and the corresponding evacuation of materials at depth cause the downward transfer of superficial materials such that the shell materials continuously descend toward the planet's interior.

Karen Louise Von Damm was an American marine geochemist who studied underseas hydrothermal vent systems. Her work on black smoker hot springs after they were first discovered on the mid-ocean ridge in 1979 significantly advanced understanding of how vent fluids acquire their chemical composition and how those chemicals support biological communities. An area of hydrothermal vents located just south of Grand Cayman in the Caribbean was named the Von Damm Vent Field in her honor.

Kemp Caldera and Kemp Seamount form a submarine volcano south of the South Sandwich Islands, in a region where several seamounts are located. The seamount rises to a depth of 80 metres (260 ft) below sea level; the caldera has a diameter of 8.3 by 6.5 kilometres and reaches a depth of 1,600 metres (5,200 ft). The caldera contains several Hydrothermal vents, including white smokers and diffuse venting areas, which are host to chemolithotrophic ecological communities. The seamount and caldera, which were discovered by seafloor mapping in 2009, are part of the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area.

Margo Helen Edwards is a marine geologist known for mapping of the seafloor and hydrothermal vents. She led the 1999 SCICEX and was the first women to live aboard a United States' Navy submarine while doing under-ice research.

Marta E. Torres is a marine geologist known for her work on the geochemistry of cold seeps and methane hydrates. She is a professor at Oregon State University, and an elected fellow of the Geochemical Society and the Geological Society of America.

References

  1. ↑ "Autobiographical sketches". Oceanography. 27 (4): 131. December 17, 2015.
  2. ↑ "Autobiographical Sketches of Women in Oceanography | Oceanography". Oceanography. 19 (1): 132. 2005. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
  3. ↑ "Dive and Discover : Expedition 3 : Interview". divediscover.whoi.edu. 2000. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
  4. ↑ Haymon, Rachel Michal (1983). Hydrothermal deposition on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N (Thesis). OCLC   22235298.
  5. ↑ "UCSB Geological Sciences - Rachel Haymon". haymon.faculty.geol.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
  6. ↑ "Autobiographical sketches". Oceanography. 27 (4): 131. December 17, 2015.
  7. ↑ Haymon, Rachel M.; Koski, Randolph A.; Sinclair, Colin (1984-03-30). "Fossils of Hydrothermal Vent Worms from Cretaceous Sulfide Ores of the Samail Ophiolite, Oman". Science. 223 (4643): 1407–1409. Bibcode:1984Sci...223.1407H. doi:10.1126/science.223.4643.1407. PMID   17746052. S2CID   30213463.
  8. ↑ Haymon, R. M.; Koski, R. A. (1985). "Evidence of an ancient hydrothermal vent community: fossil worm tubes in Cretaceous sulfide deposits of the Samail ophiolite, Oman". Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington (6): 57–65. ISSN   0097-0298.
  9. ↑ Haymon, Rachel M.; Koski, Randolph A.; Abrams, Michael J. (1989-06-01). "Hydrothermal discharge zones beneath massive sulfide deposits mapped in the Oman ophiolite". Geology. 17 (6): 531–535. Bibcode:1989Geo....17..531H. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0531:HDZBMS>2.3.CO;2. ISSN   0091-7613.
  10. ↑ Haymon, R. M. (1983-12-01). "Hydrothermal deposition on the East Pacific rise at 21°N". Journal of Geochemical Exploration. Proceedings of the 9th International Geochemical Exploration Symposium. 19 (1): 493–495. Bibcode:1983JCExp..19..493H. doi:10.1016/0375-6742(83)90040-7. ISSN   0375-6742.
  11. ↑ Haymon, Rachel M. (1983). "Growth history of hydrothermal black smoker chimneys". Nature. 301 (5902): 695–698. Bibcode:1983Natur.301..695H. doi:10.1038/301695a0. ISSN   1476-4687. S2CID   45206494.
  12. ↑ Haymon, Rachel M.; Kastner, Miriam (1981-05-01). "Hot spring deposits on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N: preliminary description of mineralogy and genesis". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 53 (3): 363–381. Bibcode:1981E&PSL..53..363H. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(81)90041-8. ISSN   0012-821X.
  13. ↑ Haymon, Rachel M.; Fornari, Daniel J.; Edwards, Margo H.; Carbotte, Suzanne; Wright, Dawn; Macdonald, Ken C. (1991-06-01). "Hydrothermal vent distribution along the East Pacific Rise crest (9°09′–54′N) and its relationship to magmatic and tectonic processes on fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 104 (2): 513–534. Bibcode:1991E&PSL.104..513H. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90226-8. ISSN   0012-821X. S2CID   128614514.
  14. ↑ Haymon, R. M.; Fornari, D. J.; Von Damm, K. L.; Lilley, M. D.; Perfit, M. R.; Edmond, J. M.; Shanks, W. C.; Lutz, R. A.; Grebmeier, J. M.; Carbotte, S.; Wright, D.; McLaughlin, E.; Smith, M.; Beedle, N.; Olson, E. (1 August 1993). "Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9°45–52′N: Direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April, 1991". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 119 (1): 85–101. Bibcode:1993E&PSL.119...85H. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W. ISSN   0012-821X.
  15. ↑ Holden, Constance (1991). "Water Couldn't Dash This BBQ". Science. 254 (5028): 29. doi:10.1126/science.254.5028.29.c. ISSN   0036-8075. JSTOR   2879529.
  16. 1 2 Hill, Mary (2002). Gold: The California Story. University of California Press. ISBN   978-0-520-23680-6.
  17. ↑ Wood, Daniel B. (July 21, 1991). "World Under Water". The Daily Gazette. p. 37.
  18. ↑ Lutz, Richard A.; Shank, Timothy M.; Fornari, Daniel J.; Haymon, Rachel M.; Lilley, Marvin D.; Von Damm, Karen L.; Desbruyeres, Daniel (1994). "Rapid growth at deep-sea vents". Nature. 371 (6499): 663–664. Bibcode:1994Natur.371..663L. doi:10.1038/371663a0. ISSN   0028-0836. S2CID   4357672.
  19. ↑ Haymon, Rachel M.; Macdonald, Ken C.; Benjamin, Sara B.; Ehrhardt, Christopher J. (2005-02-01). "Manifestations of hydrothermal discharge from young abyssal hills on the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise flank". Geology. 33 (2): 153–156. Bibcode:2005Geo....33..153H. doi:10.1130/G21058.1. ISSN   0091-7613.
  20. ↑ Reed, Christina (2006-02-01). "Boiling points". Nature. 439 (7079): 905–907. doi: 10.1038/439905a . ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   16495964.
  21. ↑ Haymon, Rachel M.; White, Scott M.; Baker, Edward T.; Anderson, Peter G.; Macdonald, Ken C.; Resing, Joseph A. (2008). "High-resolution surveys along the hot spot–affected Gálapagos Spreading Center: 3. Black smoker discoveries and the implications for geological controls on hydrothermal activity". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 9 (12). Bibcode:2008GGG.....912006H. doi: 10.1029/2008GC002114 . ISSN   1525-2027.
  22. ↑ "Newcomb Cleveland Prize Recipients | American Association for the Advancement of Science". www.aaas.org. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
  23. ↑ Spiess, F. N.; Macdonald, Ken C.; Atwater, T.; Ballard, R.; Carranza, A.; Cordoba, D.; Cox, C.; Garcia, V. M. Diaz; Francheteau, J.; Guerrero, J.; Hawkins, J. (1980-03-28). "East Pacific Rise: Hot Springs and Geophysical Experiments". Science. 207 (4438): 1421–1433. Bibcode:1980Sci...207.1421S. doi:10.1126/science.207.4438.1421. PMID   17779602. S2CID   28363398.
  24. ↑ "UCSB Geological Sciences - Rachel Haymon". haymon.faculty.geol.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
  25. ↑ "GSA Fellows Elected by Council on 15 May 2005" (PDF). GSA Today. 2005. p. 14. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
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