Radio programming

Not to be confused with Radio program.

Radio programming is the process of organising a schedule of radio content for commercial broadcasting and public broadcasting by radio stations.

History

The original inventors of radio, from Guglielmo Marconi's time on, expected it to be used for one-on-one wireless communication tasks where telephones and telegraphs could not be used because of the problems involved in stringing copper wires from one point to another, such as in ship-to-shore communications. Those inventors had no expectations whatever that radio would become a major mass media entertainment and information medium earning many millions of dollars in revenues annually through radio advertising commercials or sponsorship. These latter uses were brought about after 1920 by business entrepreneurs such as David Sarnoff, who created the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), and William S. Paley, who built Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS). These broadcasting (as opposed to narrowcasting) business organizations began to be called network affiliates, because they consisted of loose chains of individual stations located in various cities, all transmitting the standard overall-system supplied fare, often at synchronised agreed-upon times. Some of these radio network stations were owned and operated by the networks, while others were independent radio owned by entrepreneurs allied with the respective networks. By selling blocks of time to advertisers, the medium was able to quickly become profitable and offer its products to listeners for free, provided they invested in a radio receiver set.

The new medium had grown rapidly through the 1930s, vastly increasing both the size of its audience and its profits. In those early days, it was customary for a corporation to sponsor an entire half-hour radio program, placing its commercials at the beginning and the end. This is in contrast to the pattern which developed late in the 20th century in both television and radio, where small slices of time were sold to many sponsors and no corporation claimed or wanted sponsorship of the entire show, except in rare cases. These later commercials also filled a much larger portion of the total program time than they had in the earlier days.

In the early radio age, content typically included a balance of comedy, drama, news, music and sports reporting. Variety radio programs included the most famous Hollywood talent of the day. During the 1920s, radio focused on musical entertainment, the Grand Ole Opry , has been focused on broadcasting country music since it began in 1925. Radio soap operas began in the U.S. in 1930 with Painted Dreams . Lørdagsbarnetimen , a Norwegian children's show, with its premiere in 1924 interrupted only by the Second World War, was the longest running radio show in the world until it ceased production in 2010. ^[1]

As World War II unfolded during the 1940s, radio also played a central role in utilizing soft power to support cultural diplomacy through a collaboration of the United States Department of State's Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs and CBS's La Cadena de las Americas network. ^{[2] [3] [4] [5]} This nonprofit collaboration resulted in programming which showcased the cultural heritage shared throughout the Americas and included informative news programs such as Calling Pan America and popular musical shows such as Viva America ^{[2] [6] [7] [8] [9]}

In the early 1950s, television programming eroded the popularity of radio comedy, drama and variety shows. ^[10] By the late 1950s, radio broadcasting took on much the form it has today – strongly focused on music, talk, news and sports, though drama can still be heard, especially on the BBC.

References

1. " Kultur og underholdning " (Norwegian) – English translation by Google translate
2. Time - Radio: La Cadena, June 1, 1942 William S. Paley, La Cadena de las Americas on Content.time.com
3. In All His Glory: the Life And Times of William S. Paley. Salley Bedell Smith. Random House. New York, 2002 p. 18 ISBN   978-0-307-78671-5 William S. Paley, CBS, Edmund A. Chester on books.google
4. Bronfman, Alejanda; Wood, Andrew Grant (2012). Media Sound & Culture in Latin America. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 49. ISBN   9780822977957. ISBN   978-0822961871
5. Anthony, Edwin D. (1973). "Records of the Radio Division" (PDF). Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs. Vol. Inventory of Record Group 229. Washington D.C.: National Archives and Record Services – General Services Administration. pp. 25–26. LCCN   73-600146.
6. Beyond the Black and White TV: Asian and Latin American Spectacle in Cold War America. Han, Benjamin M. Rutgers University Press, 2022 La Cadena de las Americas, Edmund Chester, William S. Paley, Cold War diplomacy on Google Books
7. Dissonant Divas In Chicana Music: The Limits of La Onda Deborah R. Vargas. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2012 ISBN   978-0-8166-7316-2 p. 152-157 Edmund Chester, CBS, Franklin Roosevelt and "La Cadena De Las Americas" on google.books.com
8. Current Biographical Yearbook Volume 2. H. W. Wilson Co. New York, 1941 p. 148 Edmund A. Chester CBS Director of Foreign Broadcasting - biography on books.google
9. "Viva America". radiogoldindex.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved 2019-03-26.
10. (26 November 1956). Radio Listening: 1948-1956, Broadcasting - Telecasting , p. 34 (chart showing decline of United States radio audience from 1948 to 1956 -- from about 30% average evening ratings in 1948 to under 10% by 1956)