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Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesman and leader in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. An African American church leader and the son of early civil rights activist and minister Martin Luther King Sr., King advanced civil rights for people of color in the United States through nonviolence and civil disobedience. Inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi, he led targeted, nonviolent resistance against Jim Crow laws and other forms of discrimination.
Ralph David Abernathy Sr. was an American civil rights activist and Baptist minister. He was ordained in the Baptist tradition in 1948. As a leader of the civil rights movement, he was a close friend and mentor of Martin Luther King Jr. He collaborated with King and E. D. Nixon to create the Montgomery Improvement Association, which led to the Montgomery bus boycott, and co-created and was an executive board member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). He became president of the SCLC following the assassination of King in 1968, where he led the Poor People's Campaign in Washington, D.C., among other marches and demonstrations for disenfranchised Americans. He also served as an advisory committee member of the Congress on Racial Equality (CORE).
James Morris Lawson Jr. is an American activist and university professor. He was a leading theoretician and tactician of nonviolence within the Civil Rights Movement. During the 1960s, he served as a mentor to the Nashville Student Movement and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. He was expelled from Vanderbilt University for his civil rights activism in 1960, and later served as a pastor in Los Angeles for 25 years.
Martin Luther King was an African-American Baptist pastor, missionary, and an early figure in the Civil Rights Movement. He was the father and namesake of the civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.
Authorship issues concerning Martin Luther King Jr. fall into two general categories: King's academic research papers and his use of borrowed phrases in speeches.
The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) was formed on December 5, 1955 by black ministers and community leaders in Montgomery, Alabama. Under the leadership of Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr. and Edgar Nixon, the MIA was instrumental in guiding the Montgomery bus boycott, a successful campaign that focused national attention on racial segregation in the South and catapulted King into the national spotlight.
Vernon Johns was an American minister based in the South and a pioneer in the civil rights movement. He is best known as the pastor (1947–52) of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. He was succeeded there by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Edgar Gardner Murphy (1869–1913) was an American clergyman and author during the Progressive Era in the United States who worked to improve relations between African Americans and whites and wrote about issues faced, as well as working to improve child labor laws and public education.
Clayborne Carson is an American academic who is a professor of history at Stanford University and director of the Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute. Since 1985, he has directed the Martin Luther King Papers Project, a long-term project to edit and publish the papers of Martin Luther King Jr.
The Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom, or Prayer Pilgrimage to Washington, was a 1957 demonstration in Washington, D.C., an early event in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. It was the occasion for Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.'s Give Us the Ballot speech.
Lewis Ossie Swingler was a pioneering African-American journalist, editor, and newspaper publisher from Crittenden County, Arkansas. He was editor of the Memphis World and editor in chief and copublisher of the Tri-State Defender.
On July 18, 1946, Maceo Snipes, a United States Army WWII veteran, was fatally shot in the back just hours after casting his vote in the Georgia Democratic primary. Snipes was the only African American to vote in a Democratic primary in Taylor County, Georgia. During this time, the white supremacist terrorist group KKK was in its prime. KKK members were responsible for multiple lynchings of black people who decided to vote following Snipes' murder. For example, two black couples were lynched five days later. Prior to the election, the KKK had made threats to lynch any black person who dared cast a vote. Snipes and his mother were both sharecroppers on Homer Chapman's land in Butler, Georgia. The day after Snipes cast his vote, four white men pulled up to the land Chapman rented to Snipes' family. All four were suspected KKK members: two were later identified as Edward Williamson and Lynwood Harvey, both WWII veterans.
Ebenezer Baptist Church is a Baptist church located in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, affiliated with the Progressive National Baptist Convention and American Baptist Churches USA. It was the church where Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was co-pastor from 1960 until his assassination in 1968, the location of the funerals of both Dr. King and congressman John Lewis, and the church for which United States Senator Raphael Warnock has been pastor since 2005. It is located in the historic area now designated as the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park.
Reverend Doctor Henry G. Elkins Jr. is best known for his early work in the civil rights movement. In the early 1960s Elkins served as assistant pastor to Martin Luther King Jr. at Ebenezer Baptist Church. He lived with the King family and helped lead civil rights activities. In the early 1970s Elkins switched career paths and became an American Public Health and International Development scholar at Columbia University and then worked with the Population Council and USAID.
The sit-in movement, sit-in campaign or student sit-in movement, were a wave of sit-ins that followed the Greensboro sit-ins on February 1, 1960 in North Carolina. The sit-in movement employed the tactic of nonviolent direct action and was a pivotal event during the Civil Rights Movement.
James Albert King was the father of Martin Luther King Sr. and paternal grandfather of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. and Christine King Farris.
Herchelle Sullivan Challenor is a foreign policy expert, international civil servant, university administrator, and was one of the key activists in the Atlanta Student Movement, part of the Civil Rights Movement, of the early 1960s.
"The Present Crisis" is an 1845 poem by James Russell Lowell. It was written as a protest against the Mexican–American War. Decades later, it became the inspiration for the title of The Crisis, the magazine published by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
References
- ↑ Directory of American Scholars, 6th ed. (Bowker, 1974), Vol. I, p. 390.
- ↑ Cliopatria: A Group blog Archived 2007-01-22 at the Wayback Machine . George Mason University History News Network.
- ↑ leasehold records, Arden Craftshop Museum and Archives, Arden, DE
- ↑ Brian McFillen (February 28, 2007). "Starving for tenure". Indiana Daily Student .
In 1994, despite having "five books in print, four earned academic degrees (and) a nomination for a Pulitzer Prize," Luker was denied tenure by Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio.
- ↑ John Gravois. Hunger Strikes Over Tenure Denials Can Succeed and Fail Simultaneously, Says Veteran of Fast From the Past (February 22, 2007). A Fast From the Past: a Retired Scholar Talks About an Episode 13 Years Ago (March 2, 2007). Chronicle of Higher Education (subscription).
- ↑ The Vernon Johns Papers Project (working table of contents).
- 1 2 Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. Archived 2007-01-07 at the Wayback Machine at the University of California Press.
- ↑ Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute Archived 2007-02-06 at the Wayback Machine at Stanford University.
- ↑ University of North Carolina Press at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
- ↑ Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights Archived 2012-02-29 at the Wayback Machine .
- ↑ A Southern Tradition in Theology and Social Criticism, 1830-1930. Edwin Mellen Press.
- ↑ See also: William Porcher DuBose, Edgar Gardner Murphy, James Warley Miles (James Warley Miles Library Archived 2007-04-07 at the Wayback Machine at the College of Charleston).
- ↑ The American Society of Church History Archived 2012-07-21 at archive.today .
- ↑ The New England Quarterly.
- ↑ Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies.
- ↑ South Atlantic Quarterly.
- ↑ Southern Cultures.
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