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The International Criminal Court is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal seated in The Hague,Netherlands. It is the first and only permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide,crimes against humanity,war crimes and the crime of aggression.
Crimes against humanity are widespread or systemic criminal acts which are committed by or on behalf of a de facto authority,usually by or on behalf of a state,that grossly violate human rights. Unlike war crimes,crimes against humanity do not have to take place within the context of wars,and they apply to widespread practices rather than acts which are committed by individuals. Although crimes against humanity apply to acts which are committed by or on behalf of authorities,they do not need to be part of an official policy,and they only need to be tolerated by authorities. The first prosecution for crimes against humanity took place during the Nuremberg trials. Initially considered for legal use,widely in international law,following the Holocaust,a global standard of human rights was articulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Political groups or states that violate or incite violations of human rights norms,as they are listed in the Declaration,are expressions of the political pathologies which are associated with crimes against humanity.
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court is the treaty that established the International Criminal Court (ICC). It was adopted at a diplomatic conference in Rome,Italy on 17 July 1998 and it entered into force on 1 July 2002. As of November 2019,123 states are party to the statute. Among other things,it establishes court function,jurisdiction and structure.
International criminal law (ICL) is a body of public international law designed to prohibit certain categories of conduct commonly viewed as serious atrocities and to make perpetrators of such conduct criminally accountable for their perpetration. The core crimes under international law are genocide,war crimes,crimes against humanity,and the crime of aggression.
The International Criminal Court has opened investigations in Afghanistan,the Central African Republic,Côte d'Ivoire,Darfur,Sudan,the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Kenya,Libya,Uganda,Bangladesh/Myanmar,Palestine and Venezuela. Additionally,the Office of the Prosecutor conducted preliminary examinations in situations in Bolivia,Colombia,Guinea,Iraq / the United Kingdom,Nigeria,Georgia,Honduras,South Korea,Ukraine and Venezuela. Preliminary investigations were closed in Gabon;Honduras;registered vessels of Comoros,Greece,and Cambodia;South Korea;and Colombia on events since 1 July 2002.
The United States is not a state party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court,which founded the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2002 as a permanent international criminal court to "bring to justice the perpetrators of the worst crimes known to humankind—war crimes,crimes against humanity,and genocide," when national courts are unable or unwilling to do so.
The states parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court are those sovereign states that have ratified,or have otherwise become party to,the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The Rome Statute is the treaty that established the International Criminal Court,an international court that has jurisdiction over certain international crimes,including genocide,crimes against humanity,and war crimes that are committed by nationals of states parties or within the territory of states parties. States parties are legally obligated to co-operate with the Court when it requires,such as in arresting and transferring indicted persons or providing access to evidence and witnesses. States parties are entitled to participate and vote in proceedings of the Assembly of States Parties,which is the Court's governing body. Such proceedings include the election of such officials as judges and the Prosecutor,the approval of the Court's budget,and the adoption of amendments to the Rome Statute.
The eighteen judges of the International Criminal Court (ICC) are elected for nine-year terms by the member-countries of the court. Candidates must be nationals of those countries and they must "possess the qualifications required in their respective States for appointment to the highest judicial offices".
Kimberly Prost is a Canadian judge on the International Criminal Court. She was elected to a nine-year term on December 8,2017 and assumed full-time duty on March 9,2018.
Fatou Bom Bensouda is a Gambian lawyer and former Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC),who has served as the Gambian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom since 3 August 2022.
Hans-Peter Kaul was a German international law scholar and former diplomat and international judge. From 11 March 2003 until 1 July 2014,he served as Judge at the International Criminal Court in The Hague. At the ICC,Judge Kaul was President of the Pre-Trial Division from 2004 until March 2009 and again in 2014,and he was the Court's Vice-President from 2009 to 2012. In 2014,he resigned from the ICC for health reasons but his condition became worse and he died on 21 July 2014.
The International Criminal Court investigation in Kenya or the situation in the Republic of Kenya was an investigation by the International Criminal Court (ICC) into the responsibility for the 2007–2008 post-election violence in Kenya. The 2007–2008 crisis followed the presidential election that was held on 27 December 2007. The Electoral Commission of Kenya officially declared that the incumbent President Mwai Kibaki was re-elected however supporters of the opposition candidate Raila Odinga accused the government of electoral fraud and rejected the results. A series of protests and demonstrations followed,and fighting—mainly along tribal lines—led to an estimated 1,200 deaths and more than 500,000 people becoming internally displaced.
The Presidency of the International Criminal Court is the organ responsible for the proper administration of the Court.
Six judges of the International Criminal Court were elected during the 10th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in New York between 12 and 21 December 2011. The judges elected,Anthony Carmona of Trinidad and Tobago,Miriam Defensor Santiago of the Philippines,Chile Eboe-Osuji of Nigeria,Robert Fremr of the Czech Republic,Olga Venecia Herrera Carbuccia of the Dominican Republic and Howard Morrison of the United Kingdom,took office on 11 March 2012.
The International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is an ongoing investigation by the International Criminal Court (ICC) into crimes committed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during the Second Congo War and its aftermath,including the Ituri and Kivu conflicts. The war started in 1998 and despite a peace agreement between combatants in 2003,conflict continued in the eastern parts of the country for several years. In April 2004 the government of the DRC formally referred the situation in the Congo to the International Criminal Court,and in June 2004,prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo,formally opened an investigation. To date,arrest warrants have been issued for:
Six judges of the International Criminal Court were elected during the 13th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court scheduled for 8 to 17 December 2014 in New York. The judges were elected for terms of nine years and took office on 11 March 2015.
A special election for one judge of the International Criminal Court was held during the resumption of the 13th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court which took place in The Hague from 24 to 25 June 2015.
The judiciary of the Philippines consists of the Supreme Court,which is established in the Constitution,and three levels of lower courts,which are established through law by the Congress of the Philippines. The Supreme Court has expansive powers,able to overrule political and administrative decisions,and with the ability to craft rules and law without precedent. It further determines the rules of procedure for lower courts,and its members sit on electoral tribunals.
The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC),Fatou Bensouda,on 20 December 2019 announced an investigation into war crimes allegedly committed in Palestine by Israeli personnel or members of Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups. The allegations include the establishing of illegal West Bank settlements and violations of the law of war by personnel of the Israeli Defence Forces during the 2014 Gaza War,including claims of targeting Red Cross installations. Members of armed Palestinian organizations,including Hamas,have been accused of deliberately attacking Israeli civilians and using Palestinians as human shields. Israel is not a member of the ICC and disputes its jurisdiction on the basis that Palestine is not a sovereign state capable of being a party to the Rome Statute,and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has repeatedly condemned the allegations and investigation.
María del Socorro Flores Liera known as Socorro Flores,is a Mexican lawyer,diplomat and a judge of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague. She was Mexico Permanent Representative to the United Nations.
References
- ↑ "Ex-UP Law dean Raul Pangalangan retires from ICC". GMA Network News. 29 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ↑ "Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute elects a judge". International Criminal Court. 24 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
- 1 2 Esguerra, Anthony Q. (25 June 2015). "Inquirer publisher Raul Pangalangan elected ICC judge". Inquirer.net. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
- 1 2 "PANGALANGAN, Raul C. (Philippines) Statement of qualifications" (PDF). International Criminal Court. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
- ↑ Lozada, Aaron (14 July 2015). "Pangalangan sworn in as ICC judge". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
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