Red deerpox virus

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Red deerpox virus
Virus classification Red Pencil Icon.png
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Varidnaviria
Kingdom: Bamfordvirae
Phylum: Nucleocytoviricota
Class: Pokkesviricetes
Order: Chitovirales
Family: Poxviridae
Genus: Parapoxvirus
Species:
Red deerpox virus
Synonyms

Parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand

Red deerpox virus (RDPV) is a species of virus in the genus Parapoxvirus . [1] It has been reported in deer in New Zealand, [2] and in wild ruminants in Italy. [1]

Contents

In 1987, deaths among infected deer occurred on two Red Deer farms in New Zealand where secondary bacterial infections were seen alongside the lesions. In these particular cases, morbidity rates reached 100%. [3] [4]

Red Deer of New Zealand Red Deer Poing.JPG
Red Deer of New Zealand

Viral classification

RDPV was classified as a separate species due to its unique patterns of restriction enzymes. [1]

Parapoxviruses belongs to the family of viruses named Poxviridae , family of double-stranded DNA viruses. Parapoxvirus is classified into the subfamily of Chordopoxvirinae . [5]

Virion size

Generally, viruses within the Poxviridae family have brick or oval-shaped virions. Sizes range from between 140-260 nanometres in width and 220-450 nanometres in length. They are enveloped viruses with surface tubules sometimes referred to as surface filaments.[ citation needed ]

Structure

Parapoxvirus virions are large in comparison to a majority of the other Poxviridae virions. Virions are the complete form of a virus outside of the host cell that is capable of infection. Virions contain a core of RNA or DNA within a capsid. A capsid is the protein shell of a virus. Parapoxvirus virions are typically 260 x 160 nanometers in size. They possess an enveloped capsid and a distinguishing spiral coat, [6] which is composed of a crossing pattern of tubes. Dissecting a Parapoxvirus virion from the outside in, after passing through the either the EV envelope or the MV membrane (depending on the infectious virus particle, see bullets below) is the lateral body, its function is unknown. After this comes the core wall which is followed by the nucleocapsid. [7] The nucleocapsid is simply the capsid of the Parapoxvirus that is enclosed in nucleic acid. Surprisingly, parapoxviruses have considerably smaller genomes that other genera of the family Poxviridae, (85 MDA). [8]

Parapoxvirus Virus with scale

Parapoxviruses have two different infectious virus particles: [7]

Genome

RDPV has a linear, double-stranded DNA genome. The length of the genome ranges from 130 to 150 kilobases. The linear genome is flanked by inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences which are covalently-closed at their extremities. [7]

Replication and transcription

Assembly and release

Assembly occurs within the cytoplasm of the host cell. Release occurs via budding of a membranous vesicle and ultimately results in lysis. The host cell is denigrated after the cell's membrane is ruptured upon virus' exit. [7]

Disease in deer

RDPV causes scabby lesions on the face, lips, ears and velvet of deer. [2] Deer recover in two to three weeks. [9] Animals under two years of age are more often affected than older deer. [2]

Transmission

RDPV can infect ungulates (hoofed animals) and humans, and can be transmitted sexually and non-sexually. [8]

Outbreak in Italy

In order to characterize the strains of parapoxviruses causing severe disease in wild ruminants in Stelvio Park, Italy, sequencing and comparisons of isolated DNA were conducted. Results demonstrated that the red deer isolates are closely related to Red deerpox virus. [10]

Related Research Articles

<i>Poxviridae</i> Family of viruses

Poxviridae is a family of viruses. Humans, vertebrates, and arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 83 species in this family, divided among 22 genera, which are divided into two subfamilies. Diseases associated with this family include smallpox.

<i>Parapoxvirus</i> Genus of viruses

Parapoxvirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Poxviridae, in the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. Like all members of the family Poxviridae, they are oval, relatively large, double-stranded DNA viruses. Parapoxviruses have a unique spiral coat that distinguishes them from other poxviruses. Parapoxviruses infect vertebrates, including a wide selection of mammals, and humans.

The murine leukemia viruses are retroviruses named for their ability to cause cancer in murine (mouse) hosts. Some MLVs may infect other vertebrates. MLVs include both exogenous and endogenous viruses. Replicating MLVs have a positive sense, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome that replicates through a DNA intermediate via the process of reverse transcription.

<i>Molluscum contagiosum virus</i> Species of virus

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a DNA poxvirus that causes the human skin infection molluscum contagiosum. Molluscum contagiosum affects about 200,000 people a year, about 1% of all diagnosed skin diseases. Diagnosis is based on the size and shape of the skin lesions and can be confirmed with a biopsy, as the virus cannot be routinely cultured. Molluscum contagiosum virus is the only species in the genus Molluscipoxvirus. MCV is a member of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae of family Poxviridae. Other commonly known viruses that reside in the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae are variola virus and monkeypox virus.

Avipoxvirus is a genus of viruses within the family Poxviridae. Poxviridae is the family of viruses which cause the afflicted organism to have poxes as a symptom. Poxviruses have generally large genomes, and other such examples include smallpox and monkeypox. Members of the genus Avipoxvirus infect specifically birds. Avipoxviruses are unable to complete their replication cycle in non-avian species. Although it is comparably slow-spreading, Avipoxvirus is known to cause symptoms like pustules full of pus lining the skin and diphtheria-like symptoms. These diphtheria-like symptoms might include diphtheric necrotic membranes lining the mouth and the upper respiratory tract. Like other avian viruses, it can be transmitted through vectors mechanically such as through mosquitoes. There is no evidence that this virus can infect humans.

<i>Iridoviridae</i> Family of viruses

Iridoviridae is a family of viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes. Amphibians, fish, and invertebrates such as arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 22 species in this family, divided among two subfamilies and seven genera.

<i>Turkeypox virus</i> Species of virus

Turkeypox virus is a virus of the family Poxviridae and the genus Avipoxvirus that causes turkeypox. It is one of the most common diseases in the wild turkey population. Turkeypox, like all avipoxviruses, is transmitted either through skin contact or by arthropods acting as mechanical vectors.

Yatapoxvirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Poxviridae, in the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. Monkeys and baboons serve as natural hosts. There are two species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: histiocytomas, tumor-like mass of mononuclear cells.

Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV), formerly Simian retrovirus (SRV), is a species of retroviruses that usually infect and cause a fatal immune deficiency in Asian macaques. The ssRNA virus appears sporadically in mammary carcinoma of captive macaques at breeding facilities which expected as the natural host, but the prevalence of this virus in feral macaques remains unknown. M-PMV was transmitted naturally by virus-containing body fluids, via biting, scratching, grooming, and fighting. Cross contaminated instruments or equipment (fomite) can also spread this virus among animals.

Chordopoxvirinae is a subfamily of viruses in the family Poxviridae. Humans, vertebrates, and arthropods serve as natural hosts. Currently, 52 species are placed in this subfamily, divided among 18 genera. Diseases associated with this subfamily include smallpox.

Entomopoxvirinae is a subfamily of viruses, in the family Poxviridae. Insects, human, vertebrates, and arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 31 species in this subfamily, divided among 4 genera with one species unassigned to a genus. Diseases associated with this subfamily include: impairment of motility and development.

Capripoxvirus is a genus of viruses in the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae and the family Poxviridae. Capripoxviruses are among the most serious of all animal poxviruses. All CaPV are notifiable diseases to the OIE. Sheep, goat, and cattle serve as natural hosts. These viruses cause negative economic consequences by damaging hides and wool and forcing the establishment of trade restrictions in response to an outbreak. The genus consists of three species: sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV), and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). They share no serological relationship with camel pox, horse pox, or avian poxes. Capripoxviruses for sheeppox and goatpox infect only sheep and goat respectively. However, it is probable that North American relatives, the mountain goat and mountain sheep, may be susceptible to the strains but has not been experimentally proven. Lumpy skin disease virus affects primarily cattle, but studies have been shown that giraffes and impala are also susceptible to LSDV. Humans cannot be infected by Capripoxviruses.

Alphaentomopoxvirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Poxviridae, in the subfamily Entomopoxvirinae. Coleoptera insects serve as natural hosts. There are seven species in this genus.

Betaentomopoxvirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Poxviridae, in the subfamily Entomopoxvirinae. Lepidoptera and orthoptera insects serve as natural hosts. There are 16 species in this genus.

Cervidpoxvirus is a genus of viruses in the family Poxviridae in the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. Deer serve as natural hosts. Only one species is in this genus: Mule deerpox virus.

Gammaentomopoxvirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Poxviridae, in the subfamily Entomopoxvirinae. Lepidoptera and orthoptera insects serve as natural hosts. There are six species in this genus.

Leporipoxvirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Poxviridae, in the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. Lagomorphs and squirrels serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: myxomatosis.

Suipoxvirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Poxviridae, in the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. Swine serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Swinepox virus. Diseases associated with this genus include: asymptomatic skin disease.

Crocodylidpoxvirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Poxviridae, in the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. Crocodiles serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Nile crocodilepox virus. Diseases associated with this genus include: nodular skin lesions in young animals. Symptoms vary from a nonfatal dermatitis to more severe disease characterized by ophthalmia, rhinitis resulting in asphyxia, and debilitating illness with stunting and high mortality.

Entebbe bat virus is an infectious disease caused by a Flavivirus that is closely related to yellow fever.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Oliveira, Graziele; Costa, Galileu; Assis, Felipe; Franco-Luiz, Ana Paula; Trinidade, Giliane; Kroon, Erna; Turrini, Filippo; Abrahao, Jonatas (2016). "Chapter 97: Parapoxvirus". In Dongyou, Liu (ed.). Molecular detection of animal viral pathogens. CRC Press. p. 884. ISBN   9781498700375.
  2. 1 2 3 McFadden, Andrew; Rawdon, Thomas (June 2012). "Parapoxviruses in domestic livestock in New Zealand". Surveillance. 39 (2): 14–16.
  3. ↑ Horner, G. W.; Robinson, A. J.; Hunter, R.; Cox, B. T.; Smith, R. (1987-04-01). "Parapoxvirus infections in New Zealand farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus)". New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 35 (4): 41–45. doi:10.1080/00480169.1987.35376. ISSN   0048-0169. PMID   16031369.
  4. ↑ Ueda, Norihito; Inder, Marie K.; Wise, Lyn M.; Fleming, Stephen B.; Mercer, Andrew A. (March 2007). "Parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand encodes a variant of viral vascular endothelial growth factor". Virus Research. 124 (1–2): 50–58. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2006.09.012. ISSN   0168-1702. PMID   17109982.
  5. ↑ "Poxviridae". ViralZone. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
  6. ↑ Parapoxviruses at eMedicine
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "Parapoxvirus". ViralZone. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
  8. 1 2 Pennington, T.H. (2012). "Poxviruses". Medical Microbiology. pp. 446–451. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-4089-4.00059-7. ISBN   9780702040894.
  9. ↑ Mackintosh, Ian (January 1993). "Importance of infectious diseases of New Zealand farmed deer". Sureillance. 20 (1): 24–26.
  10. ↑ Scagliarini, Alessandra; Vaccari, Francesca; Turrini, Filippo; Bianchi, Alessandro; Cordioli, Paolo; Lavazza, Antonio (2011). "Parapoxvirus Infections of Red Deer, Italy". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 17 (4): 684–687. doi:10.3201/eid1704.101454. PMC   3377414 . PMID   21470460.
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