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Halakha, also transliterated as halacha, halakhah, and halacho, is the collective body of Jewish religious laws which is derived from the written and Oral Torah. Halakha is based on biblical commandments (mitzvot), subsequent Talmudic and rabbinic laws, and the customs and traditions which were compiled in the many books such as the Shulchan Aruch. Halakha is often translated as "Jewish law", although a more literal translation of it might be "the way to behave" or "the way of walking". The word is derived from the root which means "to behave". Halakha not only guides religious practices and beliefs, it also guides numerous aspects of day-to-day life.
Rabbinic literature, in its broadest sense, is the entire spectrum of rabbinic writings throughout Jewish history. However, the term often refers specifically to literature from the Talmudic era, as opposed to medieval and modern rabbinic writing, and thus corresponds with the Hebrew term Sifrut Chazal. This more specific sense of "Rabbinic literature"—referring to the Talmudim, Midrash, and related writings, but hardly ever to later texts—is how the term is generally intended when used in contemporary academic writing. The terms meforshim and parshanim (commentaries/commentators) almost always refer to later, post-Talmudic writers of rabbinic glosses on Biblical and Talmudic texts.
The Shulchan Aruch, sometimes dubbed in English as the Code of Jewish Law, is the most widely consulted of the various legal codes in Judaism. It was authored in Safed by Joseph Karo in 1563 and published in Venice two years later. Together with its commentaries, it is the most widely accepted compilation of Jewish law ever written.
The Mishnah Berurah is a work of halakha by Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan. It is a commentary on Orach Chayim, the first section of the Shulchan Aruch which deals with laws of prayer, synagogue, Shabbat and holidays, summarizing the opinions of the Acharonim on that work.
The Shulchan Aruch HaRav is especially a record of prevailing halakha by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (1745–1812), known during his lifetime as HaRav and as the first Rebbe of Chabad. Within the Chabad community the work is known as the Alter Rebbe's Shulchan Aruch.
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Acharonim in Jewish law and history, are the leading rabbis and poskim living from roughly the 16th century to the present, and more specifically since the writing of the Shulchan Aruch in 1563 CE.
Yalkut Yosef is an authoritative, contemporary work of Halakha, providing a detailed explanation of the Shulchan Aruch as based on the halachic rulings of the former Rishon LeTzion Rav Ovadia Yosef. It was written by Rabbi Yitzhak Yosef, his son.
Aruch HaShulchan is a work of halacha written by Rabbi Yechiel Michel Epstein (1829–1908). The work attempts to be a clear, organized summary of the sources for each chapter of the Shulchan Aruch and its commentaries, with special emphasis on the positions of the Jerusalem Talmud and Maimonides.
Orach Chayim, modern Hebrew: Orech Chayim is a section of Rabbi Jacob ben Asher's compilation of Halakha, Arba'ah Turim. This section treats all aspects of Jewish law primarily pertinent to the Hebrew calendar. Rabbi Yosef Karo modeled the framework of the Shulkhan Arukh, his own compilation of practical Jewish law, after the Arba'ah Turim. Many later commentators used this framework, as well. Thus, Orach Chayim in common usage may refer to an area of halakha, non-specific to Rabbi Jacob ben Asher's compilation.
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Nafka minnah is a Talmudic phrase used in analytical debates. It is often used in the phrase Mai nafka minnah?, which asks, "What is the practical difference?"
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Sifrei Kodesh, commonly referred to as sefarim, or in its singular form, sefer, are books of Jewish religious literature and are viewed by religious Jews as sacred. These are generally works of Torah literature, i.e. Tanakh and all works that expound on it, including the Mishnah, Midrash, Talmud, and all works of halakha, Musar, Hasidism, Kabbalah, or machshavah. Historically, sifrei kodesh were generally written in Hebrew with some in Judeo-Aramaic or Arabic, although in recent years, thousands of titles in other languages, most notably English, were published. An alternative spelling for 'sefarim' is seforim.
Posek is the term in Jewish law for a "decisor", a legal scholar who determines the position of halakha, the Jewish religious laws derived from the written and Oral Torah in cases of Jewish law where previous authorities are inconclusive, or in those situations where no clear halakhic precedent exists.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Judaism:
Jewish law and custom prescribe ritual hand washing in a number of situations. This practice is generally known by the Hebrew term נטילת ידיים, which literally means taking up of the hands.
Mar son of Ravina was a Babylonian rabbi who lived around the late third century. He was not the son of Ravina I or Ravina II, but of a different Ravina.
References
- ↑ Eliezer Melamed, Getting Dressed and Putting on Shoes: The Practice of the Pious, from his book Peninei Halakha
- 1 2 3 "Babylonian Talmud: Shabbath 61". www.sefaria.org. Sefaria.
- ↑ "Shulchan Aruch: Halachos of A Person's Morning Preparation". www.shulchanarach.com.
- ↑ Darkhei Moshe Orach Chaim, chapter 2
- ↑ "Shulchan Arukh Orach Chayim 2 3". he.wikisource.org.
- ↑ On their commentaries, Mishnah Berurah and Kaf Hachayim respectively, on the same chapter of Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chaim 2)
The Hebrew source of Mishna Berurah, Wikisource - ↑ "Yoma 15b". Sefaria .
- ↑ Daniel Casasanto, Embodiment of Abstract Concepts: Good and Bad in Right- and Left-Handers, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2009, Vol. 138, No. 3, 351–367