Rim (crater)

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Crater rim of Meteor Crater, Arizona Meteor Crater in Arizona viewed from road.jpg
Crater rim of Meteor Crater, Arizona

The rim or edge of an impact crater is the part that extends above the height of the local surface, usually in a circular or elliptical pattern. In a more specific sense, the rim may refer to the circular or elliptical edge that represents the uppermost tip of this raised portion. If there is no raised portion, the rim simply refers to the inside edge of the curve where the flat surface meets the curve of the crater bottom.

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Simple craters

Smaller, simple craters retain rim geometries similar to the features of many craters found on the Moon and the planet Mercury. [1]

Complex craters

The rim of Endurance Crater on Mars, as seen from the landing site of the Opportunity rover. PIA05484 modest.jpg
The rim of Endurance Crater on Mars, as seen from the landing site of the Opportunity rover.

Large craters are those with a diameter greater than 2.3 km, and are distinguished by central uplifts within the impact zone. [1] These larger (also called “complex”) craters can form rims up to several hundred meters in height.

A process to consider when determining the exact height of a crater rim is that melt may have been pushed over the crest of the initial rim from the initial impact, thereby increasing its overall height. When combined with potential weathering due to atmospheric erosion over time, determining the average height of a crater rim can be somewhat difficult. [2] It has also been observed that the slope along the excavated interior of many craters can facilitate a spur-and-gully morphology, including mass wasting events occurring due to slope instability and nearby seismic activity. [3]

Complex crater rims observed on Earth have anywhere between 5X – 8X greater height:diameter ratio compared to those observed on the Moon, which can likely be attributed to the greater force of gravitational acceleration between the two planetary bodies that collide. [1] Additionally, crater depth and the volume of melt produced in the impact are directly related to the gravitational acceleration between the two bodies. [4] It has been proposed that “reverse faulting and thrusting at the final crater rim [is] one of the main contributing factors [to] forming the elevated crater rim”. [2] When an impact crater is formed on a sloped surface, the rim will form in an asymmetric profile. [5] As the impacted surface's angle of repose increases, the crater's profile becomes more elongate.

Classification

A side view of a crater, with a raised rim, highlighted in red. Crater-rim-diagram.png
A side view of a crater, with a raised rim, highlighted in red.

The rim type classifications are full-rim craters, broken-rim craters, and depressions. [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impact crater</span> Circular depression in a solid astronomical body formed by the impact of a smaller object

An impact crater is a circular depression in the surface of a solid astronomical object formed by the hypervelocity impact of a smaller object. In contrast to volcanic craters, which result from explosion or internal collapse, impact craters typically have raised rims and floors that are lower in elevation than the surrounding terrain. Lunar impact craters range from microscopic craters on lunar rocks returned by the Apollo program and small, simple, bowl-shaped depressions in the lunar regolith to large, complex, multi-ringed impact basins. Meteor Crater is a well-known example of a small impact crater on Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Umbriel (moon)</span> Moon of Uranus

Umbriel is a moon of Uranus discovered on October 24, 1851, by William Lassell. It was discovered at the same time as Ariel and named after a character in Alexander Pope's 1712 poem The Rape of the Lock. Umbriel consists mainly of ice with a substantial fraction of rock, and may be differentiated into a rocky core and an icy mantle. The surface is the darkest among Uranian moons, and appears to have been shaped primarily by impacts. However, the presence of canyons suggests early endogenic processes, and the moon may have undergone an early endogenically driven resurfacing event that obliterated its older surface.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4 Vesta</span> Second largest asteroid of the main asteroid belt

Vesta is one of the largest objects in the asteroid belt, with a mean diameter of 525 kilometres (326 mi). It was discovered by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers on 29 March 1807 and is named after Vesta, the virgin goddess of home and hearth from Roman mythology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteor Crater</span> Meteorite impact crater in northern Arizona

Meteor Crater or Barringer Crater is a meteorite impact crater about 37 mi (60 km) east of Flagstaff and 18 mi (29 km) west of Winslow in the desert of northern Arizona, United States. The site had several earlier names, and fragments of the meteorite are officially called the Canyon Diablo Meteorite, after the adjacent Canyon Diablo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Lappajärvi</span> Impact crater lake in Finland

Lappajärvi is a lake in Finland, in the municipalities of Lappajärvi, Alajärvi and Vimpeli. It is formed in a 23 km (14 mi) wide, partly eroded meteorite impact crater. The lake is part of Ähtävänjoki basin together with Lake Evijärvi that is located downstream (north) of it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mistastin crater</span> Impact crater lake in Canada

Mistastin crater is a meteorite crater in Labrador, Canada which contains the roughly circular Mistastin Lake. The lake is approximately 16 km (9.9 mi) in diameter, while the estimated diameter of the original crater is 28 km (17 mi). The age of the crater is calculated to be 36.6 ± 2 million years (Eocene).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space weathering</span> Type of weathering

Space weathering is the type of weathering that occurs to any object exposed to the harsh environment of outer space. Bodies without atmospheres take on many weathering processes:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ejecta blanket</span> Symmetrical apron of ejecta that surrounds an impact crater

An ejecta blanket is a generally symmetrical apron of ejecta that surrounds an impact crater; it is layered thickly at the crater's rim and thin to discontinuous at the blanket's outer edge. The impact cratering is one of the basic surface formation mechanisms of the solar system bodies and the formation and emplacement of ejecta blankets are the fundamental characteristics associated with impact cratering event. The ejecta materials are considered as the transported materials beyond the transient cavity formed during impact cratering regardless of the state of the target materials.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Secondary crater</span>

Secondary craters are impact craters formed by the ejecta that was thrown out of a larger crater. They sometimes form radial crater chains. In addition, secondary craters are often seen as clusters or rays surrounding primary craters. The study of secondary craters exploded around the mid-twentieth century when researchers studying surface craters to predict the age of planetary bodies realized that secondary craters contaminated the crater statistics of a body's crater count.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arabia quadrangle</span> Map of Mars

The Arabia quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Astrogeology Research Program. The Arabia quadrangle is also referred to as MC-12.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tharsis quadrangle</span> Map of Mars

The Tharsis quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Astrogeology Research Program. The Tharsis quadrangle is also referred to as MC-9 . The name Tharsis refers to a land mentioned in the Bible. It may be at the location of the old town of Tartessus at the mouth of Guadalquivir.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pangboche (crater)</span> Crater on Mars

Pangboche is a young impact crater on Mars, in the Tharsis quadrangle near the summit of Olympus Mons. It was named after a village in Nepal. It measures 10 kilometer in diameter, and is at 17.47° N and 133.4° W.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Complex crater</span> Large impact craters with uplifted centres

Complex craters are a type of large impact crater morphology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Late Heavy Bombardment</span> Hypothesized astronomical event

The Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB), or lunar cataclysm, is a hypothesized event thought to have occurred approximately 4.1 to 3.8 billion years (Ga) ago, at a time corresponding to the Neohadean and Eoarchean eras on Earth. According to the hypothesis, during this interval, a disproportionately large number of asteroids and comets collided with the early terrestrial planets in the inner Solar System, including Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. These came from both post-accretion and planetary instability-driven populations of impactors. Although it used to be widely accepted, it remained difficult to provide an overwhelming amount of evidence for the hypothesis. However, recent re-appraisal of the cosmo-chemical constraints indicates that there was likely no late spike in the bombardment rate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inter-crater plains on Mercury</span>

Inter-crater plains on Mercury are a land-form consisting of plains between craters on Mercury.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occator (crater)</span>

Occator is an impact crater located on Ceres, the largest object in the main asteroid belt that lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, that contains "Spot 5", the brightest of the bright spots observed by the Dawn spacecraft. It was known as "Region A" in ground-based images taken by the W. M. Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Multi-ringed basin</span> Crater containing multiple concentric topographic rings

A multi-ringed basin is not a simple bowl-shaped crater, or a peak ring crater, but one containing multiple concentric topographic rings; a multi-ringed basin could be described as a massive impact crater, surrounded by circular chains of mountains resembling rings on a bull's-eye. A multi-ringed basin may have an area of many thousands of square kilometres.

As of June 2018, 12 confirmed impact craters have been found in Finland. They are listed below, sorted by original diameter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volcanism on the Moon</span> Volcanic processes and landforms on the Moon

Volcanism on the Moon is represented by the presence of volcanoes, pyroclastic deposits and vast lava plains on the lunar surface. The volcanoes are typically in the form of small domes and cones that form large volcanic complexes and isolated edifices. Calderas, large-scale collapse features generally formed late in a volcanic eruptive episode, are exceptionally rare on the Moon. Lunar pyroclastic deposits are the result of lava fountain eruptions from volatile-laden basaltic magmas rapidly ascending from deep mantle sources and erupting as a spray of magma, forming tiny glass beads. However, pyroclastic deposits formed by less common non-basaltic explosive eruptions are also thought to exist on the Moon. Lunar lava plains cover large swaths of the Moon's surface and consist mainly of voluminous basaltic flows. They contain a number of volcanic features related to the cooling of lava, including lava tubes, rilles and wrinkle ridges.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Pike, R.J. (1981). "Meteorite Craters: Rim Height, Circularity, and Gravity Anomalies". Lunar and Planetary Science. XII: 842–844. Bibcode:1981LPI....12..842P.
  2. 1 2 Krüger, T., Kenkmann, T., & Hergarten, S. (2017). "Structural Uplift and Ejecta Thickness of Lunar Mare Craters: New Insights Into the Formation of Complex Crater Rims". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 52 (10): 2220–2240. Bibcode:2017M&PS...52.2220K. doi: 10.1111/maps.12925 . S2CID   135227558.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. Krohn, K., Jaumann, R., Otto, K., Hoogenboom, T., Wagner, R., Buczkowski, D., Schenk, P. (2014). "Mass Movement on Vesta at Steep Scarps and Crater Rims". Icarus. 244: 120–132. Bibcode:2014Icar..244..120K. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.013. hdl: 2286/R.I.28057 . S2CID   2313339.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. Neish, C., Herrick, R., Zanetti, M., & Smith, D. (2017). "The Role of Pre-Impact Topography in Impact Melt Emplacement on Terrestrial Planets". Icarus. 297: 240–251. Bibcode:2017Icar..297..240N. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.07.004.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. 1 2 Hayashi, K.; Sumita, I. (2017). "Low-Velocity Impact Cratering Experiments in Granular Slopes". Icarus. 291: 160–175. Bibcode:2017Icar..291..160H. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.03.027.