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Robert Fremr | |
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 JUDr. Robert Fremr | |
| First Vice-President of the International Criminal Court | |
| In office 11 March 2018 –11 March 2021 | |
| Preceded by | Joyce Aluoch |
| Succeeded by | Luz del Carmen Ibáñez Carranza |
| Judge of the International Criminal Court | |
| In office 11 March 2012 –11 March 2021 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 8 November 1957 Prague,Czechoslovakia |
Robert Fremr (born 8 November 1957) [1] is a Czech jurist who has been serving as a judge of the International Criminal Court since 2011.
From 1976 to 1980,Fremr studied at the Charles University Law School in Prague and earned his Doctor of Laws in 1981.
Fremr became a district judge in 1983 and judge of the Court of Appeal in 1986. Eisenhower Fellowships selected Robert Fremr in 1999 to represent the Czech Republic. From 1989 to 2003,he was a judge of the High Court in Prague. From 2004 to 2005 and from 2009 to 2010,he was a Judge of the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic;from 2006 to 2008 and from 2010 to 2011 he was a judge at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. [2]
On 13 December 2011,Fremr was elected a judge of the International Criminal Court in the second ballot. In March 2018,he was elected First Vice President of the ICC.
As judge of the ICC,Fremr chaired the proceedings that led to former Congolese military leader Bosco Ntaganda being sentenced in November 2019 to 30 years in prison for atrocities including murder,rape and conscripting child soldiers;the sentence is the longest handed down by the Court to date. [3] In 2021,he was also a judge in the proceedings that resulted in Ntaganda being sentenced to pay child soldiers and other victims a total of $30 million compensation,the Court's highest ever reparation order. [4]
The International Criminal Court is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague,Netherlands. The ICC is the first and only permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide,crimes against humanity,war crimes and the crime of aggression. It is intended to complement existing national judicial systems,and it may,therefore,exercise its jurisdiction only when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute criminals. The ICC lacks universal territorial jurisdiction and may only investigate and prosecute crimes committed within member states,crimes committed by nationals of member states,or crimes in situations referred to the Court by the United Nations Security Council.
The Movement for the Liberation of the Congo is a political party in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Formerly a rebel group operating in the Democratic Republic of Congo that fought the government throughout the Second Congo War,it subsequently took part in the transitional government and is one of the main opposition parties.
The Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda is an armed rebel group active in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. It has survived by preying on the Congolese population. As an ethnic Hutu group opposed to the ethnic Tutsi influence,the FDLR is one of the last factions of Rwandan rebels active in the Congo. It was founded through an amalgamation of other groups of Rwandan refugees in September 2000,including the former Army for the Liberation of Rwanda (ALiR),under the leadership of Paul Rwarakabije. It was active during the latter phases of the Second Congo War and the subsequent insurgencies in Kivu.
International criminal law is a body of public international law designed to prohibit certain categories of conduct commonly viewed as serious atrocities and to make perpetrators of such conduct criminally accountable for their perpetration. The core crimes under international law are genocide,war crimes,crimes against humanity,and the crime of aggression. This article also discusses crimes against international law,which may not be part of the body of international criminal law.
Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo is a politician in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He was one of four vice-presidents in the transitional government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 17 July 2003 to December 2006. Bemba also leads the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (MLC),a rebel group turned political party. He received the second-highest number of votes in the 2006 presidential election. In January 2007 he was elected to the Senate.
Thomas Lubanga Dyilo is a convicted war criminal from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the first person ever convicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC). He founded and led the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC) and was a key player in the Ituri conflict (1999–2007). Rebels under his command have been accused of massive human rights violations,including ethnic massacres,murder,torture,rape,mutilation,and forcibly conscripting child soldiers.
So far,the International Criminal Court opened investigations in the Central African Republic,Côte d'Ivoire,Darfur,Sudan,the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Kenya;Libya,Uganda,Bangladesh/Myanmar,Palestine and Venezuela. Additionally,the Office of the Prosecutor conducted preliminary examinations in twelve situations in Afghanistan,Bolivia,Colombia,Guinea,Iraq / the United Kingdom,Nigeria,Georgia,Honduras,South Korea and Venezuela. Preliminary investigations were closed in Gabon,Honduras,registered vessels of Comoros,Greece,and Cambodia,South Korea,and Colombia on events since 1 July 2002.
Marc Perrin de Brichambaut is a French career judge and diplomat. On 10 December 2014 he was elected a judge to the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague. Until 30 June 2011 he was the Secretary General of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Germain Katanga,also known as Simba,is a former leader of the Patriotic Resistance Force in Ituri (FRPI),an armed group in the Ituri Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). On 17 October 2007,the Congolese authorities surrendered him to the International Criminal Court (ICC) to stand trial on six counts of war crimes and three counts of crimes against humanity. The charges include murder,sexual slavery,rape,destruction of property,pillaging,willful killing,and directing crimes against civilians,to name a few.
Remand,also known as pre-trial detention,preventive detention,or provisional detention,is the process of detaining a person until their trial after they have been arrested and charged with an offence. A person who is on remand is held in a prison or detention centre or held under house arrest. Varying terminology is used,but "remand" is generally used in common law jurisdictions and "preventive detention" elsewhere. However,in the United States,"remand" is rare except in official documents and "kept in custody until trial" is used in the media and even by judges and lawyers in addressing the public. Detention before charge is referred to as custody and continued detention after conviction is referred to as imprisonment.
Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui is a colonel in the Congolese army and a former senior commander of the National Integrationist Front (FNI) and the Patriotic Resistance Force in Ituri (FRPI).
Bosco Ntaganda is a convicted war criminal and the former military chief of staff of the National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP),an armed militia group operating in the North Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). He is a former member of the Rwandan Patriotic Army and allegedly a former Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (FPLC),the military wing of the Union of Congolese Patriots.
The National Congress for the Defence of the People is a political armed militia established by Laurent Nkunda in the Kivu region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in December 2006. The CNDP was engaged in the Kivu conflict,an armed conflict against the military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In January 2009,the CNDP split and Nkunda was arrested by the Rwanda government. The remaining CNDP splinter faction,led by Bosco Ntaganda,was planned to be integrated into the national army.
Ekaterina Trendafilova is a Bulgarian lawyer with an international and a domestic experience. She is currently serving as the first President of the Kosovo Specialist Chambers –a position to which she was appointed in December 2016 for a four-year term and took her office on 12 January 2017.
The International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is an ongoing investigation by the International Criminal Court (ICC) into crimes committed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during the Second Congo War and its aftermath,including the Ituri and Kivu conflicts. The war started in 1998 and despite a peace agreement between combatants in 2003,conflict continued in the eastern parts of the country for several years. In April 2004 the government of the DRC formally referred the situation in the Congo to the International Criminal Court,and in June 2004,prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo,formally opened an investigation. To date,arrest warrants have been issued for:
Olga Venecia Herrera Carbuccia is a Dominican jurist who has been serving as a judge of the International Criminal Court (ICC) since 2011.
Justine Masika Bihamba is a Congolese activist. As coordinator of Synergy of Women for Victims of Sexual Violence,she works to improve the lives of rural women,defend human rights and assist victims of war,especially women survivors of acts of sexual violence. This work is focussed in the province of North Kivu,and she has also campaigned for justice more widely in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). She has won considerable international recognition for her achievements. She has on several occasions been subject to threats of arrest or death.
Antoine Kesia-Mbe Mindua is a Congolese lawyer who is currently a judge of the International Criminal Court. He was previously a judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
Chung Chang-ho (Korean: 정창호) is a South Korean judge who has been serving judge at the International Criminal Court (ICC),serving since 2015. He is the second South Korean to serve in the chambers of the Court,following former president Song Sang-hyun.
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