Related Research Articles
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection,organization,and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic,characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error. These activities are characterized by accounting and controlling for biases. A research project may be an expansion of past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments,procedures,or experiments,research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.
Nonprobability sampling is a form of sampling that does not utilise random sampling techniques where the probability of getting any particular sample may be calculated.
A case study is an in-depth,detailed examination of a particular case within a real-world context. For example,case studies in medicine may focus on an individual patient or ailment;case studies in business might cover a particular firm's strategy or a broader market;similarly,case studies in politics can range from a narrow happening over time like the operations of a specific political campaign,to an enormous undertaking like world war,or more often the policy analysis of real-world problems affecting multiple stakeholders.
Multimethodology or multimethod research includes the use of more than one method of data collection or research in a research study or set of related studies. Mixed methods research is more specific in that it includes the mixing of qualitative and quantitative data,methods,methodologies,and/or paradigms in a research study or set of related studies. One could argue that mixed methods research is a special case of multimethod research. Another applicable,but less often used label,for multi or mixed research is methodological pluralism. All of these approaches to professional and academic research emphasize that monomethod research can be improved through the use of multiple data sources,methods,research methodologies,perspectives,standpoints,and paradigms.
Qualitative research is a type of research that aims to gather and analyse non-numerical (descriptive) data in order to gain an understanding of individuals' social reality,including understanding their attitudes,beliefs,and motivation. This type of research typically involves in-depth interviews,focus groups,or observations in order to collect data that is rich in detail and context. Qualitative research is often used to explore complex phenomena or to gain insight into people's experiences and perspectives on a particular topic. It is particularly useful when researchers want to understand the meaning that people attach to their experiences or when they want to uncover the underlying reasons for people's behavior. Qualitative methods include ethnography,grounded theory,discourse analysis,and interpretative phenomenological analysis. Qualitative research methods have been used in sociology,anthropology,political science,psychology,communication studies,social work,folklore,educational research,information science and software engineering research.
Social research is research conducted by social scientists following a systematic plan. Social research methodologies can be classified as quantitative and qualitative.
Quantitative research is a research strategy that focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data. It is formed from a deductive approach where emphasis is placed on the testing of theory,shaped by empiricist and positivist philosophies.
Paul Felix Lazarsfeld was an Austrian-American sociologist and mathematician. The founder of Columbia University's Bureau of Applied Social Research,he exerted influence over the techniques and the organization of social research. "It is not so much that he was an American sociologist," one colleague said of him after his death,"as it was that he determined what American sociology would be." Lazarsfeld said that his goal was "to produce Paul Lazarsfelds". He was a founding figure in 20th-century empirical sociology.
Educational research refers to the systematic collection and analysis of evidence and data related to the field of education. Research may involve a variety of methods and various aspects of education including student learning,interaction,teaching methods,teacher training,and classroom dynamics.
Content analysis is the study of documents and communication artifacts,which might be texts of various formats,pictures,audio or video. Social scientists use content analysis to examine patterns in communication in a replicable and systematic manner. One of the key advantages of using content analysis to analyse social phenomena is their non-invasive nature,in contrast to simulating social experiences or collecting survey answers.
In its most common sense,methodology is the study of research methods. However,the term can also refer to the methods themselves or to the philosophical discussion of associated background assumptions. A method is a structured procedure for bringing about a certain goal,like acquiring knowledge or verifying knowledge claims. This normally involves various steps,like choosing a sample,collecting data from this sample,and interpreting the data. The study of methods concerns a detailed description and analysis of these processes. It includes evaluative aspects by comparing different methods. This way,it is assessed what advantages and disadvantages they have and for what research goals they may be used. These descriptions and evaluations depend on philosophical background assumptions. Examples are how to conceptualize the studied phenomena and what constitutes evidence for or against them. When understood in the widest sense,methodology also includes the discussion of these more abstract issues.
Autoethnography is a form of ethnographic research in which a researcher connects personal experiences to wider cultural,political,and social meanings and understandings. It is considered a form of qualitative and/or arts-based research.
Grounded theory is a systematic methodology that has been largely applied to qualitative research conducted by social scientists. The methodology involves the construction of hypotheses and theories through the collecting and analysis of data. Grounded theory involves the application of inductive reasoning. The methodology contrasts with the hypothetico-deductive model used in traditional scientific research.
In the social sciences,triangulation refers to the application and combination of several research methods in the study of the same phenomenon. By combining multiple observers,theories,methods,and empirical materials,researchers hope to overcome the weakness or intrinsic biases and the problems that come from single method,single-observer,and single-theory studies.
Narrative inquiry or narrative analysis emerged as a discipline from within the broader field of qualitative research in the early 20th century,as evidence exists that this method was used in psychology and sociology. Narrative inquiry uses field texts,such as stories,autobiography,journals,field notes,letters,conversations,interviews,family stories,photos,and life experience,as the units of analysis to research and understand the way people create meaning in their lives as narratives.
Quantitative history is a method of historical research that uses quantitative,statistical and computer resources. It is a type of the social science history and has four major journals:Historical Methods,Journal of Interdisciplinary History,the Social Science History,and Cliodynamics:The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution.
An embedded case study is a case study containing more than one sub-unit of analysis. Similar to a case study,an embedded case study methodology provides a means of integrating quantitative and qualitative methods into a single research study. However,the identification of sub-units allows for a more detailed level of inquiry. The embedded case study design is an empirical form of inquiry appropriate for descriptive studies,where the goal is to describe the features,context,and process of a phenomenon. Roland W. Scholz suggests that “case is faceted or embedded in a conceptual grid”which allows to identify key components of human and environmental systems.
A research question is "a question that a research project sets out to answer". Choosing a research question is an essential element of both quantitative and qualitative research. Investigation will require data collection and analysis,and the methodology for this will vary widely. Good research questions seek to improve knowledge on an important topic,and are usually narrow and specific.
Dedoose is a web application for mixed methods research developed by academics from UCLA,with support from the William T. Grant Foundation,and is the successor to EthnoNotes.
Quirkos is a CAQDAS software package for the qualitative analysis of text data,commonly used in social science. It provides a graphical interface in which the nodes or themes of analysis are represented by bubbles. It is designed primarily for new and non-academic users of qualitative data,to allow them to quickly learn the basics of qualitative data analysis. Although simpler to use,it lacks some of the features present in other commercial CAQDAS packages such as multimedia support. However,it has been proposed as a useful tool for lay and participant led analysis and is comparatively affordable. It is developed by Edinburgh,UK based Quirkos Software,and was first released in October 2014.
References
- 1 2 3 Yin, Robert K. (2003). Ànlì xuéxí yánjiū: Shèjì yǔ fāngfǎ案例学习研究：设计与方法[Case Study Research: Design and Methods] (in Chinese). Translated by Zhang, Mengzhong (2 ed.). Guangzhou: Zhongshan University Press. ISBN 7-306-02163-X.
- ↑ Joy, Mike. Research methods in education. The Higher Education Academy, 2007.
- ↑ Marshall, Catherine, and Gretchen B. Rossman. Designing qualitative research. Sage publications, 2010.
- ↑ "What are the most-cited publications in the social sciences (according to Google Scholar)?". LSE Impact Blog. 12 May 2016.
- 1 2 Robert K. Yin profile at sagepub.com. Accessed 31.01.2015
- ↑ “Life Histories of Innovations,” Public Administration Review, January/February 1981, 41:21-28, which received the William E. Mosher Award from the American Society for Public Administration, as the best article published in PAR in 1981.
- ↑ Case study research and applications: Design and methods, Sage Publications, 2018, 6th edition.
- ↑ About COSMOS CORPORATION. 029c7c0.netsolhost.com. Accessed 31.01.2015.
- 1 2 Yin, Robert K. 2016 Qualitative Research from Start to Finish, pp. xiii-xiv
