Robert Lee Barker

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Robert Lee Barker (born July 19, 1937) is an American psychotherapist, author, editor, and professor of social work. He is most noted as the creator and author of The Social Work Dictionary [1] through its first five editions and has written 20 other textbooks in the fields of family therapy, behavioral dysfunctions, and legal-social issues. He was an early advocate and systematizer for the case management approach to delivering social services, for private practice in social work, and for the emerging field of forensic social work.

Contents

Biography

Robert Lee Barker was born July 19, 1937, in Tacoma, Washington, the oldest of four children. His mother worked as a waitress and his stepfather was a prison guard. During college and graduate school he worked in a variety of blue-collar jobs in canneries and paper mills. In one of those jobs, he was employed in a Veteran's Administration hospital as a psychiatric aide, which inspired his interest in working with people with mental and behavioral distresses. He graduated in 1959 from the University of Puget Sound in Tacoma, majoring in sociology and psychology before earning his Master of Social Work (MSW) from the University of Washington in Seattle.

In 1961 he became a 2nd lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force where he worked as a social work officer at Travis Air Force Base. He was a founder and first president of the Air Force Social Workers Association. The organization later published Barker's pamphlet, “Careers In Air Force Social Work.” [2] In 1969 he completed his military service at Andrews Air Force Base in Washington, D.C., attaining the rank of major. As part of his military duties in the hospital department of psychiatry, he had to personally inform hundreds of families of Vietnam casualties of the deaths of their loved ones.

Under an Air Force Institute of Technology scholarship he attended Columbia University in New York to earn his PhD, where his mentors included Robert K. Merton, Richard A. Cloward, Eveline M. Burns, and Florence Hollis. In his doctoral dissertation research he studied personnel patterns in mental hospitals. This work led to a grant from the U.S. Veterans Administration to determine how to utilize social work personnel more efficiently. His dissertation work led to his first published book, Differential Use of Social Work Manpower. [3] In collaboration with Professor Thomas L. Briggs of Syracuse University, Barker wrote a series of books and monographs to deal with shortages in mental health personnel through more efficient intervention strategies, including teamwork and case management approaches. [4]

In 1969 Barker co-founded, with psychiatrist-psychoanalyst Karl D. Hawver M.D., the Potomac Psychiatric Center in the Washington, D.C., suburbs. The clinic focused on treating individuals and families with mental health problems and family relationship issues. Barker specialized in family therapy, couples therapy, and group psychotherapy. In the clinic's Capitol Hill office in Washington, Barker treated the families of many U.S. Members of Congress and other government officials.

In 1979, Barker joined the faculty of The Catholic University of America, where he taught master's and doctoral students and guided their dissertation researches. During this time he wrote over 100 articles in professional journals, created and edited the Journal of Independent Social Work from 1986–1991, [5] and produced textbooks on couples therapy. [6] He was consultant to the Ladies Home Journal column “Can This Marriage Be Saved” in 1987 through 1989 and its counselor-expert. [7] He wrote a best selling book “The Green Eyed Marriage” [8] which led to his conducting a series of workshops for people and their families with jealousy problems. Together with faculty at Catholic University he helped establish two new schools of social work in Santiago and Valparaíso, Chile, and he taught courses at the Escuela de Trabajo Social at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso for three years beginning in 1988.

Since 1990 he has focused his career to the development of The Social Work Dictionary and other publications. He has also worked extensively as a consultant to organizations that write questions for professional state licensing boards, to testifying in courtrooms about family and custody issues, and as a researcher and advocate for homeless persons.

Barker is married to Dr. Mary Elizabeth Donovan, formerly of the education faculty at the University of Puget Sound. They have three sons and one daughter.

Case management innovations

Early in Barker's career in the 1960s, President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs necessitated tremendous increases in the numbers of social service and mental health workers. The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) was awarded grants from government agencies to help find ways to remedy these shortages. [9] Barker and Thomas Briggs were employed to conduct and administer these studies. They observed numerous state and federal institutions and experimented with different ways staff members could help hospitalized clients and their families. The Barker-Briggs model of using teams to provide these services was later used as a template for case management approaches is still used by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, known as the Veteran's Administration at the time, and by many state mental hospital staffing patterns. [10] As originated, the model replaced the primary one-on-one relationship between client and helping professional with a team approach. [11] The leader of the team, usually a professional social worker or registered nurse assigned specific tasks to a staff of several ancillary workers. The ancillary workers were experts in their own right at providing for the specific needs of the client. For example, one worker could specialize in helping clients get jobs, or helping clients access post-discharge resources in the community. The implication was that such clients needed help not only with psychotherapy or counseling but with life-skills problems, and when met, the client's psychotherapy goals were achieved more efficiently and effectively.

Private practice

Members of the social work profession have debated for decades about whether its mission is compatible with private practice. [12] Opponents of private practice argue that social workers should only be employed by governmental agencies or charitable organizations, and deal primarily with clients who are economically disadvantaged. [13] When Barker established his clinic in 1969 almost all of his social colleagues were employed by charity oriented. He conducted workshops in private practice and a series of debates with social work advocates of the agency based model. [14] Eventually, more social workers entered private practice and it has become one of the primary ways these professionals are now employed. [15] [16] [17]

Crisis intervention theory in couples therapy

When Barker left the military to establish his private practice he had been greatly influenced by the studies of Vietnam War veterans who suffered Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and related works about crisis intervention with PTSD victims. [18] He concluded that, while the severity of the trauma in Vietnam might be greater, the crisis facing dysfunctional family members could have similar consequences and might benefit from similar intervention strategies. He conducted a series of systematic research studies with such family members and, with several colleagues used an adapted version of the crisis intervention PTSD model to treat troubled families. Treating Couples In Crisis, [19] has been subsequently used as an instructional textbook for graduate students in marital therapy classes.

The Social Work Dictionary

In the early 1980s Barker served on several panels of social work experts who wrote the questions and answers for the state licensing board examinations. Many of these panels resulted in disagreements about what social workers actually mean when they use their unique terminology. The researchers who conducted these panels wondered why the social work profession could not resolve disputes simply by consulting the dictionaries of their profession's nomenclature. However, up to that point, the social work profession did not have such a dictionary and had never developed one of its own. With most of the states in the process of developing professional licensing boards for social workers for the first time, the need for a uniform professional nomenclature and glossary became urgent.

With the help of the National Association of Social Workers, the major association of the profession, Barker called on hundreds of experts in the field and in related disciplines, to assist his efforts to create a dictionary. Barker developed the list of the terms to be included in the Dictionary by reviewing the indexes of all the textbooks and journals used in the profession, and in related professions such as psychology, psychiatry, economics, administration, medicine, and other fields. He then wrote succinct definitions for several thousand terms from this list. A selection of these definitions was submitted to experts for corrections and clarifications. Eventually every term and definition had been reviewed by at least three experts before a final definition was established. Before publication, each of these definitions was reviewed for clarity and comprehensibility by graduate students in several of the schools of social work in the Washington, D.C. area.

The result was the original social work dictionary, first published by NASW in 1987 with about 4,000 terms defined. [20] With each revision, in 1991, 1995, 1999, and 2003 about 2000 additional definitions were added; the current edition has nearly 10,000 definitions in 493 pages. The dictionary also contains thousands of acronyms commonly used in the profession, and a timeline of the historical events in the development of the profession.

The dictionary is now the definitive reference resource in the profession, used in agencies, universities, and social work organizations throughout the world. It has been called “a landmark in the continuing professionalization of social work—the development of a distinctive and unique vocabulary and the development of consensus by social work consultants (scholars and practitioners) on key terms.” [21]

Homeless advocacy

Perhaps because of his own humble origins, Barker has always had a strong interest in the problems of homelessness. His close friendship and work with the famous urban anthropologist Elliot Liebow, author of “Tally’s Corner” [22] and “Tell Them Who I Am: The Lives of Homeless Women,” [23] motivated him to speak and write about problems of the homeless. In 1989 he devoted several months to living as a homeless person in several cities throughout the United States. He conducted extensive interviews with “other” homeless persons, and sent the findings by mail to Liebow. These correspondences formed the basis of a series of lectures about homelessness given by Liebow and Barker to various government agencies, universities, and civic groups.

Forensic social work

After Barker retired from The Catholic University to devote more time to the dictionary and to homeless advocacy, he testified as an expert witness in courtroom trials, primarily involved in family dissolution disputes and custody issues. He conducted workshops for social workers on how to prepare for courtroom testimony and to conduct forensic investigations to be used in legal proceedings. He developed a curriculum for universities for a new specialty, forensic social work, and with lawyer Douglas Branson of the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, published the first text on the subject, “Forensic Social Work”, now in its second edition. [24] This text is now used in many schools of social work for their courses on forensics and legal issues.

Related Research Articles

Psychotherapy is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems. Psychotherapy aims to improve an individual's well-being and mental health, to resolve or mitigate troublesome behaviors, beliefs, compulsions, thoughts, or emotions, and to improve relationships and social skills. Numerous types of psychotherapy have been designed either for individual adults, families, or children and adolescents. Certain types of psychotherapy are considered evidence-based for treating some diagnosed mental disorders; other types have been criticized as pseudoscience.

Occupational therapists (OTs) are health care professionals specializing in occupational therapy and occupational science. OTs and occupational therapy assistants (OTAs) use scientific bases and a holistic perspective to promote a person's ability to fulfill their daily routines and roles. OTs have training in the physical, psychological, and social aspects of human functioning deriving from an education grounded in anatomical and physiological concepts, and psychological perspectives. They enable individuals across the lifespan by optimizing their abilities to perform activities that are meaningful to them ("occupations"). Human occupations include activities of daily living, work/vocation, play, education, leisure, rest and sleep, and social participation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Psychologist</span> Professional who evaluates, diagnoses, treats and studies behavior and mental processes

A psychologist is a professional who practices psychology and studies mental states, perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behavior. Their work often involves the experimentation, observation, and interpretation of how individuals relate to each other and to their environments.

Social work is an academic discipline and practice-based profession concerned with meeting the basic needs of individuals, families, groups, communities, and society as a whole to enhance their individual and collective well-being. Social work practice draws from areas such as psychology, sociology, health, political science, community development, law, and economics to engage with systems and policies, conduct assessments, develop interventions, and enhance social functioning and responsibility. The ultimate goals of social work include the improvement of people's lives, alleviation of biopsychosocial concerns, empowerment of individuals and communities, and the achievement of social justice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupational therapy</span> Healthcare profession

Occupational therapy (OT) is a healthcare profession that involves the use of assessment and intervention to develop, recover, or maintain the meaningful activities, or occupations, of individuals, groups, or communities. The field of OT consists of health care practitioners trained and educated to improve mental and physical performance. Occupational therapists specialize in teaching, educating, and supporting participation in any activity that occupies an individual's time. It is an independent health profession sometimes categorized as an allied health profession and consists of occupational therapists (OTs) and occupational therapy assistants (OTAs). While OTs and OTAs have different roles, they both work with people who want to improve their mental and or physical health, disabilities, injuries, or impairments.

Counseling psychology is a psychological specialty that began with a focus on vocational counseling, but later moved its emphasis to adjustment counseling, and then expanded to cover all normal psychology psychotherapy. There are many subcategories for counseling psychology, such as marriage and family counseling, rehabilitation counseling, clinical mental health counseling, educational counseling, etc. In each setting, they are all required to follow the same guidelines.

Dance/movement therapy (DMT) in USA and Australia or dance movement psychotherapy (DMP) in the UK is the psychotherapeutic use of movement and dance to support intellectual, emotional, and motor functions of the body. As a modality of the creative arts therapies, DMT looks at the correlation between movement and emotion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drama therapy</span> Use of theatre techniques to promote mental health

Drama therapy is the use of theatre techniques to facilitate personal growth and promote mental health. Drama therapy is used in a wide variety of settings, including hospitals, schools, mental health centers, prisons, and businesses. Drama therapy, as a modality of the creative arts therapies, exists in many forms and can apply to individuals, couples, families, and various groups.

Elliot Liebow (1925–1994) was an American urban anthropologist and ethnographer. His works include Tally's Corner and Tell Them Who I Am, both micro-sociological writings that were participant observer studies of people in poor areas. He also served as chief of the Center for the Study of Work and Mental Health at the National Institute of Mental Health.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Art therapy</span> Creation of art to improve mental health

Art therapy is a distinct discipline that incorporates creative methods of expression through visual art media. Art therapy, as a creative arts therapy profession, originated in the fields of art and psychotherapy and may vary in definition. Art therapy encourages creative expression through painting, drawing, or modelling. It may work by providing a person with a safe space to express their feelings and allow them to feel more in control over their life.

Sociotherapy is a social science and form of social work, and sociology that involves the study of groups of people, its constituent individuals, and their behavior, using learned information in case and care management towards holistic life enrichment or improvement of social and life conditions.

A mental health professional is a health care practitioner or social and human services provider who offers services for the purpose of improving an individual's mental health or to treat mental disorders. This broad category was developed as a name for community personnel who worked in the new community mental health agencies begun in the 1970s to assist individuals moving from state hospitals, to prevent admissions, and to provide support in homes, jobs, education, and community. These individuals were the forefront brigade to develop the community programs, which today may be referred to by names such as supported housing, psychiatric rehabilitation, supported or transitional employment, sheltered workshops, supported education, daily living skills, affirmative industries, dual diagnosis treatment, individual and family psychoeducation, adult day care, foster care, family services and mental health counseling.

A mental health counselor (MHC), or counselor, is a person who works with individuals and groups to promote optimum mental and emotional health. Such persons may help individuals deal with issues associated with addiction and substance abuse; family, parenting, and marital problems; stress management; self-esteem; and aging. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics distinguishes "Mental Health Counselors" from "Social Workers", "Psychiatrists", and "Psychologists".

Psychiatric rehabilitation, also known as psychosocial rehabilitation, and sometimes simplified to psych rehab by providers, is the process of restoration of community functioning and well-being of an individual diagnosed in mental health or emotional disorder and who may be considered to have a psychiatric disability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forensic social work</span> Social work as applied to the law

Forensic social work is the application of social work to questions and issues relating to the law and legal systems. It is a type of social work that involves the application of social work principles and practices in legal, criminal, and civil contexts. It is a specialized branch of social work that focuses on the intersection of law and mental health. Forensic social work is an important part of the criminal justice system and provides an important link between mental health and the legal system.

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Clinical social work is a specialty within the broader profession of social work. The American Board of Clinical Social Work (ABCSW) defines clinical social work as "a healthcare profession based on theories and methods of prevention and treatment in providing mental-health/healthcare services, with special focus on behavioral and bio-psychosocial problems and disorders". The National Association of Social Workers defines clinical social work as "a specialty practice area of social work which focuses on the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness, emotional, and other behavioral disturbances. Individual, group and family therapy are common treatment modalities". Clinical social work applies social work theory and knowledge drawn from human biology, the social sciences, and the behavioral sciences.

References

  1. ↑ Barker, Robert L. (2003-06-01). The Social Work Dictionary, 5th Edition (5th ed.). Washington, DC: NASW Press. ISBN   9780871013552.
  2. ↑ Barker, 1st Lt. Robert L. (1965). Careers In Air Force Social Work. Washington, D.C.: Association of Air Force Social Workers.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ Barker, Robert L. (1968). Differential use of social work manpower;: An analysis and demonstration-study. National Association of Social Workers. ASIN   B0006BVVYM.
  4. ↑ Barker, Robert L.; Briggs, Thomas L.; Daly, Dorothy Bird (1971). Educating the undergraduate for professional social work roles. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press.
  5. ↑ Barker, Robert L. (1986–1991). "Community Practice". Journal of Independent Social Work.
  6. ↑ Barker, Robert L. (1984-05-01). Kessler, H.; Lehn, J. M. (eds.). Treating Couples in Crisis: Fundamentals and Practice in Marital Therapy. New York: Free Pr. ISBN   9780029017906.
  7. ↑ Enos, Sandra (1989). "Can This Marriage Be Saved". Ladies Home Journal.
  8. ↑ Barker, Robert Lee (1987). The Green Eyed Marriage: Overcoming Jealous Relationships. New York: The Free Press: Macmillan Publishing Corp.
  9. ↑ Barker, Robert Lee; Briggs, Thomas L. (1968). Trends in the Utilization of Social Work Manpower. New York: National Association of Social Workers.
  10. ↑ Barker, Robert Lee; Briggs, Thomas L. (1967). Social Work Personnel in State Mental Hospitals: Selected Characteristics. New York: National Association of Social Workers.
  11. ↑ Barker, Robert Lee; Briggs, Thomas L. (1969). Using teams to deliver social services. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press.
  12. ↑ Merle, Sherman (1962). "Some Arguments Against Private Practice". Social Work. 7 (1): 12–17.
  13. ↑ Specht, Harry; Courtney, Mark E. (1995). Unfaithful Angels: How Social Work Has Abandoned Its Mission. New York: Free Press. Simon & Schuster, Inc.
  14. ↑ Specht, Harry; Barker, Robert Lee (Spring 1991). "Should Training for Private Practice Be a Central Component of Social Work Education? (Specht - "No!"; Barker - "Yes!")". Journal of Social Work Education. 27 (2): 102–107.
  15. ↑ Social Workers: Occupational Outlook Handbook (2008-2009 ed.). Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2008.
  16. ↑ Barker, Robert Lee (1992). Social work in private practice : principles, issues, and dilemmas (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Association of Social Workers.
  17. ↑ Barker, Robert (1982-10-15). The Business of Psychotherapy: Private Practice Administration for Therapists, Counselors, and Social Workers . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN   9780231054386.
  18. ↑ Hillman, Jennifer L. (2002). Crisis Intervention and Trauma: New Approaches to Evidence-Based Practice. Issues in the Practice of Psychology. New York: Plenum Publishers. ISBN   9780306473418.
  19. ↑ Barker, Robert Lee (1985-12-01). "Treating Couples in Crisis: Fundamentals and Practice in Marital Therapy". Family Process. 24 (4): 604–605. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1985.597_11.x. ISSN   1545-5300.
  20. ↑ Social Work Dictionary: Association Is Readying A Semantic First. National Association of Social Workers. November 1986.
  21. ↑ Van Wormer, Katherine (March 1988). Milestones: The Social Work Dictionary (Review). Federal Probation.
  22. ↑ Liebow, Elliott (2003-07-08). Tally's Corner: A Study of Negro Streetcorner Men (2nd ed.). Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN   9780742528963.
  23. ↑ Liebow, Elliot (1995-04-01). Tell Them Who I Am: The Lives of Homeless Women (Reprint ed.). London: Penguin Books. ISBN   9780140241372.
  24. ↑ Barker, Robert L.; Branson, Douglas M. (1999-12-11). Forensic Social Work: Legal Aspects of Professional Practice, Second Edition (1st ed.). Hoboken: Routledge. ISBN   9780789008688.
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