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The pope is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church. He is also known as the supreme pontiff, Roman pontiff or sovereign pontiff. From the eighth century until 1870, the pope was the sovereign or head of state of the Papal States, and since 1929, of the much smaller Vatican City State. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013.
Pope Alexander III, born Roland, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 September 1159 until his death in 1181.
Pope Urban II, otherwise known as Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 March 1088 to his death. He is best known for convening the Council of Clermont which ignited the series of Christian military expeditions known as the Crusades.
Philip I, called the Amorous, was King of the Franks from 1060 to 1108. His reign, like that of most of the early Capetians, was extraordinarily long for the time. The monarchy began a modest recovery from the low it had reached during the reign of his father, Henry I, and he added the Vexin region and the viscountcy of Bourges to his royal domaine.
The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops (investiture) and abbots of monasteries and the pope himself. A series of popes in the 11th and 12th centuries undercut the power of the Holy Roman Emperor and other European monarchies, and the controversy led to nearly 50 years of conflict.
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Renaissance humanism is a worldview centered on the nature and importance of humanity that emerged from the study of Classical antiquity.
The Council of Piacenza was a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Roman Catholic Church, which took place from March 1 to March 7, 1095, at Piacenza.
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The Council of Pisa, was convened by Pope Innocent II in May 1135. An extraordinary number of prelates, archbishops, bishops, monks, and abbots attended the council, including a large number of Italian clergy. The council addressed simony, schismatic clerics, heresy, as well as donations to the Templar Order. Pisa would be the third council Innocent would convene to address issues within the Catholic Church.
Lambert of Guînes was the bishop of Arras (1094–1115). He was a major regional player and an active proponent of the Cluniac reform movement.
Uta-Renate Blumenthal is a German-born American medievalist and expert on canon law history, and professor emerita at the Catholic University of America. She is known for her work on the Investiture Controversy and on Pope Gregory VII.
The synod of Melfi was an ecclesiastical synod held in Melfi from 10 to 15 September 1089, convened by pope Urban II. Seventy bishops and twelve abbots attended and the synod dealt with various ecclesiastic topics connected to the reform movement as well the relation with the Greek part of the church.
References
- ↑ "Robert E. Somerville". Columbia University in the City of New York Department of Religion. 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
- ↑ "Faculty Retirements and Promotion". Columbia University in the City of New York Department of Religion. 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
- ↑ "Robert Somerville". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
- ↑ Blumenthal, Uta-Renate; Winroth, Anders; Landau, Peter, eds. (2012-07-02). Canon Law, Religion, and Politics: "Liber Amicorum" Robert Somerville. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 344. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2850kx. ISBN 978-0813219752. JSTOR j.ctt2850kx.
- ↑ "Greg Somerville". LinkedIn. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
