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Hoplites were citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states who were primarily armed with spears and shields. Hoplite soldiers used the phalanx formation to be effective in war with fewer soldiers. The formation discouraged the soldiers from acting alone,for this would compromise the formation and minimize its strengths. The hoplites were primarily represented by free citizens –propertied farmers and artisans –who were able to afford a linen or bronze armour suit and weapons. They also appear in the stories of Homer,but it is thought that their use began in earnest around the 7th century BC,when weapons became cheap during the Iron Age and ordinary citizens were able to provide their own weapons. Most hoplites were not professional soldiers and often lacked sufficient military training. Some states maintained a small elite professional unit,known as the epilektoi or logades because they were picked from the regular citizen infantry. These existed at times in Athens,Sparta,Argos,Thebes,and Syracuse,among other places. Hoplite soldiers made up the bulk of ancient Greek armies.
The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle during the second Persian invasion of Greece. It took place in 479 BC near the city of Plataea in Boeotia,and was fought between an alliance of the Greek city-states,and the Achaemenid Empire of Xerxes I.
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The hoplites were soldiers from Ancient Greece who were usually free citizens. They had a very uniform and distinct appearance;specifically they were armed with a spear (dory) in their right hand and a heavy round shield in their left.
The Macedonian phalanx was an infantry formation developed by Philip II from the classical Greek phalanx,of which the main innovation was the use of the sarissa,a 6-metre pike. It was famously commanded by Philip's son Alexander the Great during his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire between 334 and 323 BC. The Macedonian phalanx model then spread throughout the Hellenistic world,where it became the standard battle formation for pitched battles. During the Macedonian Wars against the Roman Republic,the phalanx appeared obsolete against the more manoeuvrable Roman legions.
Classical Greek Tactics:A Cultural History is a 2017 non-fiction book by Dutch historian Roel Konijnendijk,published by Brill Publishers.
References
- 1 2 "About our staff". 26 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021.
- ↑ "Professor Hans Van Wees". UCL | University College London. 2 July 2018. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ↑ "Dr Roel Konijnendijk | Lincoln College Oxford". lincoln.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
- ↑ "Dr Roel Konijnendijk". www.classics.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-03-27.
- ↑ "Roel Konijnendijk | New College". www.new.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-03-27.
- ↑ "Lincoln College: Dr Roel Konijnendijk".
- ↑ Meadows, David (2021-11-10). "#Thelxinoe ~ Classics News for November 10, 2021". rogueclassicism. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ↑ "Bryn Mawr Classical Review: 2017.02.18". www.bmcreview.org. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ↑ Whately, Conor (August 8, 2020). "Commemorating War and War Dead: Ancient and Modern" (PDF). The Classical Journal .
- ↑ Taylor, Richard (2022-01-31). The Greek Hoplite Phalanx: The Iconic Heavy Infantry of the Classical Greek World. Pen and Sword Military. pp. 500–524. ISBN 978-1-5267-8859-7.
- ↑ Dowdall, Alex; Horne, John (2017-12-12). Civilians Under Siege from Sarajevo to Troy. Springer. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-137-58532-5.
- ↑ Różycki, Łukasz (2021-06-22). Battlefield Emotions in Late Antiquity: A Study of Fear and Motivation in Roman Military Treatises. BRILL. p. 78. ISBN 978-90-04-46255-7.
- ↑ "Visualising 'Western War'?". University of St Andrews .
- ↑ Taylor, Richard (2022-01-31). The Greek Hoplite Phalanx: The Iconic Heavy Infantry of the Classical Greek World. Pen and Sword Military. pp. 490–494. ISBN 978-1-5267-8859-7.
- ↑ Rop, Jeffrey (2019-06-20). Greek Military Service in the Ancient Near East, 401–330 BCE. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 18, 59, 60, 105, 246. ISBN 978-1-108-49950-7.
- ↑ "Review of: Classical Greek Tactics: A Cultural History. Mnemosyne, supplements, 409". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.
- ↑ Vlassopoulos, Kostas (October 2018). "Greek History". Greece & Rome. 65 (2): 253–259. doi:10.1017/S0017383518000190. ISSN 0017-3835. S2CID 232179261.
- ↑ Foster, Edith (December 2, 2018). "BOOK REVIEW: Classical Greek Tactics: A Cultural History. By ROEL KONIJNENDIJK" (PDF). The Classical Journal .
- ↑ Nývlt, Pavel (2020-01-01). "(review) R. Konijnendijk: Classical Greek Tactics". Eirene: Studia Graeca et Latina.
- ↑ Brill's Companion to Greek Land Warfare Beyond the Phalanx. Brill. 2021-11-29. ISBN 978-90-04-50175-1.
- ↑ "New Academic Publications on Greek and Roman Warfare". Book and Sword. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
- ↑ "Lincoln College Record 2023" (PDF). Lincoln College Oxford. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ↑ Devereaux, Bret (2021-01-15). "Miscellanea: Insurrections, Ancient and Modern (And Also Meet the Academicats)". A Collection of Unmitigated Pedantry. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ↑ "The Spartans at war - Myth vs reality". Ancient World Magazine. 20 March 2019. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ↑ Thallon, Carter; Gandhi, Siddharth. "Ancient warfare expert rates 10 battle tactics in movies and TV shows". Insider. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ↑ Thallon, Carter; Medroumi, Sarah. "Ancient-warfare expert rates 10 more battle tactics in movies and tv". Insider. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ↑ Thallon, Carter; Shardlow, Ju; Ibekwe, David. "Ancient-warfare historian rates 10 more battle scenes in movies and television". Insider. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
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