A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
Herbert Kroemer, a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara, received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 1952 from the University of Göttingen, Germany, with a dissertation on hot electron effects in the then-new transistor, setting the stage for a career in research on the physics of semiconductor devices. In 2000, Kroemer, along with Zhores I. Alferov, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics". The other co-recipient of the Nobel Prize was Jack Kilby for his invention and development of integrated circuits and micro-chips.
Health physics is the applied physics of radiation protection for health and health care purposes. It is the science concerned with the recognition, evaluation, and control of health hazards to permit the safe use and application of ionizing radiation. Health physics professionals promote excellence in the science and practice of radiation protection and safety. Health physicists principally work at facilities where radionuclides or other sources of ionizing radiation are used or produced; these include hospitals, government laboratories, academic and research institutions, nuclear power plants, regulatory agencies, and manufacturing plants.
Radiation hardening is the act of making electronic components and systems resistant to damage or malfunctions caused by ionizing radiation, such as those encountered in outer space and high-altitude flight, around nuclear reactors and particle accelerators, or during nuclear accidents or nuclear warfare.
Both electrical and electronics engineers typically possess an academic degree with a major in electrical/ electronics engineering. The length of study for such a degree is usually three or four years and the completed degree may be designated as a Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Applied Science depending upon the university.
Constantine A. Balanis is a Greek born American scientist, educator and author. Born in Trikala, Greece on October 29, 1938. He is best known for his books in the field of Engineering Electromagnetics and Antennas. He emigrated to the United States in 1955, where he studied Electrical Engineering. He received United States citizenship in 1960.
The IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society (NPSS) is a transnational group of about 3000 professional engineers and scientists. The IEEE-affiliated Society sponsors five major annual, and 12 biennial conferences and symposia. It also sponsors or co-sponsor four peer-reviewed academic journals.
Javaid Laghari (Urdu: جاويد لغارى; TI is a Pakistani electrical engineer and science administrator who served as the Chairperson of the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan from Aug 2009 to Aug 2013. He is an academic and an aerospace scientist, Laghari is a staunch supporter of technocratic democracy in the country. He was previously Senator of Pakistan from the Pakistan Peoples Party. Laghari has been a member of the Pakistan Peoples Party, a socialist democratic party. Having started his career as Science Advisor to Benazir Bhutto during her second and last Prime ministerial term, and has been associated with Bhutto long before becoming Science Advisor to Bhutto. After this post, Benazir Bhutto appointed him as the President of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology and prior to joining SZABIST, he was the Director of Graduate Studies, and Chairman of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the State University of New York at Buffalo where he served as the senior professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering there..
Arthur David Hall III was an American electrical engineer and a pioneer in the field of systems engineering. He is known as author of a widely used engineering textbook "A Methodology for Systems Engineering" from 1962.
Radiobiology is a field of clinical and basic medical sciences that involves the study of the action of ionizing radiation on living things, especially health effects of radiation. Ionizing radiation is generally harmful and potentially lethal to living things but can have health benefits in radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer and thyrotoxicosis. Its most common impact is the induction of cancer with a latent period of years or decades after exposure. High doses can cause visually dramatic radiation burns, and/or rapid fatality through acute radiation syndrome. Controlled doses are used for medical imaging and radiotherapy.
Chih-Tang "Tom" Sah is the Pittman Eminent Scholar and a Graduate Research Professor at the University of Florida, USA from 1988. He was a Professor of Physics and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, emeritus, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he taught for 26 years and guided 40 students to the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering and in physics and 34 MSEE theses. At the University of Florida, he guided 10 doctoral theses in EE. He has published about 280 journal articles and presented about 170 invited lectures and 60 contributed papers in China, Europe, Japan, Taiwan and in the United States on transistor physics, technology and evolution.
B. Jayant Baliga is an Indian electrical engineer best known for his work in power semiconductor devices, and particularly the invention of the insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT).
In science and engineering, an intrinsic property is a property of a specified subject that exists itself or within the subject. An extrinsic property is not essential or inherent to the subject that is being characterized. For example, density is an intrinsic property of any physical object, whereas belonging to something is an extrinsic property that depends on another object.
John Choma was Professor and Chair of Electrical Engineering-Electrophysics at the University of Southern California.
Anthony L. Peratt is an American physicist whose most notable achievements and work have been in plasma physics, nuclear fusion and the monitoring of nuclear weapons.
Daniel M. Fleetwood is an American scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator. He is credited as being one of the first to identify the origins of flicker noise in semiconductor devices and its usefulness in understanding the effects of ionizing radiation on microelectronic devices and materials.
Kamal Sarabandi is an Iranian-American scientist and Rufus S. Teesdale endowed Professor of Engineering at the University of Michigan, where he teaches and conducts research on the science and technology of microwave and millimeter wave radar remote sensing, wireless technology, electromagnetic wave propagation and scattering, metamaterials, antenna miniaturization, and nano antennas.
Epaminondas George Aristotle Alexander Stassinopoulos is the retired head of the Radiation Physics Office and current Emeritus Astrophysicist at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. He is the author of numerous papers and articles in the field of space radiation.
Arthur Frank Witulski is an American electrical engineer. He is the Research Associate Professor Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Vanderbilt University, where his research activities focus on microelectronics and semiconductor devices. He is affiliated with the Radiation Effects and Reliability Group at Vanderbilt University, where he works on the effects of radiation on semiconductor devices and integrated circuits. He also serves as an engineer at the Institute for Space and Defense Electronics at Vanderbilt. He is best known for his work in the field of Power electronics and ionizing radiation response of DC-to-DC converter.
James F. "Jim" Gibbons is an American professor and academic administrator. He is credited with starting the semiconductor device fabrication laboratory at Stanford University that would make it become the semiconductor ecosystem that became the Silicon Valley.
