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Psychological trauma is an emotional response caused by severe distressing events that are outside the normal range of human experiences,with extreme examples being violence,rape,or a terrorist attack. The event must be understood by the affected person as directly threatening the affected person or their loved ones with death,severe bodily injury,or sexual violence;indirect exposure,such as from watching television news,may be extremely distressing and can produce an involuntary and possibly overwhelming physiological stress response,but does not produce trauma per se.
In psychology,emotional detachment,also known as emotional blunting,is a condition or state in which a person lacks emotional connectivity to others,whether due to an unwanted circumstance or as a positive means to cope with anxiety. Such a coping strategy,also known as emotion focused-coping,is used when avoiding certain situations that might trigger anxiety. It refers to the evasion of emotional connections. Emotional detachment may be a temporary reaction to a stressful situation,or a chronic condition such as depersonalization-derealization disorder. It may also be caused by certain antidepressants. Emotional blunting,also known as reduced affect display,is one of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Childhood trauma is often described as serious adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Children may go through a range of experiences that classify as psychological trauma;these might include neglect,abandonment,sexual abuse,emotional abuse,and physical abuse,witnessing abuse of a sibling or parent,or having a mentally ill parent. These events have profound psychological,physiological,and sociological impacts and can have negative,lasting effects on health and well-being such as unsocial behaviors,attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),and sleep disturbances. Similarly,children whose mothers have experienced traumatic or stressful events during pregnancy have an increased risk of mental health disorders and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Crisis intervention is a time-limited intervention with a specific psychotherapeutic approach to immediately stabilize those in crisis.
Grief counseling is a form of psychotherapy that aims to help people cope with the physical,emotional,social,spiritual,and cognitive responses to loss. These experiences are commonly thought to be brought on by a loved person's death,but may more broadly be understood as shaped by any significant life-altering loss.
In psychology,posttraumatic growth (PTG) is positive psychological change experienced as a result of struggling with highly challenging,highly stressful life circumstances. These circumstances represent significant challenges to the adaptive resources of the individual,and pose significant challenges to the individual's way of understanding the world and their place in it. Posttraumatic growth involves "life-changing" psychological shifts in thinking and relating to the world and the self,that contribute to a personal process of change,that is deeply meaningful.
Vicarious trauma (VT) is a term invented by Irene Lisa McCann and Laurie Anne Pearlman that is used to describe how work with traumatized clients affects trauma therapists. The phenomenon had been known as secondary traumatic stress,a term coined by Charles Figley. In vicarious trauma,the therapist experiences a profound worldview change and is permanently altered by empathetic bonding with a client. This change is thought to have three requirements:empathic engagement and exposure to graphic,traumatizing material;exposure to human cruelty;and the reenactment of trauma in therapy. This can produce changes in a therapist's spirituality,worldview,and self-identity.
One of the most common ways that people cope with trauma is through the comfort found in religious or spiritual practices. Psychologists of religion have performed multiple studies to measure the positive and negative effects of this coping style. Leading researchers have split religious coping into two categories:positive religious coping and negative religious coping. Individuals who use positive religious coping are likely to seek spiritual support and look for meaning in a traumatic situation. Negative religious coping expresses conflict,question,and doubt regarding issues of God and faith.
Psychological first aid (PFA) is a technique designed to reduce the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder. It was developed by the National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (NC-PTSD),a section of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs,in 2006. It has been endorsed and used by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies,Community Emergency Response Team (CERT),the American Psychological Association (APA) and many others. It was developed in a two-day intensive collaboration,involving more than 25 disaster mental health researchers,an online survey of the first cohort that used PFA and repeated reviews of the draft.
Trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) is an evidence-based psychotherapy or counselling that aims at addressing the needs of children and adolescents with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other difficulties related to traumatic life events. This treatment was developed and proposed by Drs. Anthony Mannarino,Judith Cohen,and Esther Deblinger in 2006. The goal of TF-CBT is to provide psychoeducation to both the child and non-offending caregivers,then help them identify,cope,and re-regulate maladaptive emotions,thoughts,and behaviors. Research has shown TF-CBT to be effective in treating childhood PTSD and with children who have experienced or witnessed traumatic events,including but not limited to physical or sexual victimization,child maltreatment,domestic violence,community violence,accidents,natural disasters,and war. More recently,TF-CBT has been applied to and found effective in treating complex posttraumatic stress disorder.
Lisa A. Goodman is an American counseling psychologist known for her research on domestic violence and violence against women. She is Professor of Counseling Psychology at the Lynch School of Education at Boston College. Goodman is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association,Division of Counseling Psychology.
Apryl A. Alexander is an American clinical and forensic psychologist who is an associate professor at the University of Denver. Alexander directs students at the Denver Forensic Institute for Research,Service and Training,and engages in clinical psychology practice. She is co-founder of the University of Denver's Prison Arts Initiative where incarcerated individuals engage in a therapeutic,educational arts curricula.
Elizabeth Mitchell Altmaier is a counseling psychologist whose clinical and academic work has focused on issues related to overcoming life-threatening and traumatic circumstances. Altmaier is Professor Emeritus at the University of Iowa.
Camille B. Wortman is a clinical health psychologist and expert on grief and coping in response to traumatic events and loss. She is an Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Stony Brook University.
J. Gayle Beck is a licensed clinical psychologist who specializes in trauma stress disorders and anxiety disorders. She is the Lillian and Morrie Moss Chair of Excellence in the Department of Psychology at the University of Memphis.
Social constraints are a psychological term that can be defined as "any social condition that causes a trauma survivor to feel unsupported,misunderstood,or otherwise alienated from their social network when they are seeking social support or attempting to express trauma-related thoughts,feelings,or concerns." Social constraints are most commonly defined as negative social interactions which make it difficult for an individual to speak about their traumatic experiences. The term is associated with the social-cognitive processing model,which is a psychological model describing ways in which individuals cope and come to terms with trauma they have experienced. Social constraints have been studied in populations of bereaved mothers,individuals diagnosed with cancer,and suicide-bereaved individuals. There is evidence of social constraints having negative effects on mental health. They have been linked to increased depressive symptoms as well as post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in individuals who have experienced traumatic events. There seems to be a positive association between social constraints and negative cognitions related to traumatic events. Social constraints have also been linked to difficulties in coping with illness in people who have been diagnosed with terminal illness such as cancer.
Marci Lobel is a health psychologist known for her research on women's reproductive health,effects of prenatal stress on pregnancy and newborn health,and how mothers learn to cope with stress.
Tracey A. Revenson is a health psychologist known for her research on how people cope with chronic illness and how people's lifestyles can affect their health and influence their coping mechanisms. She holds the position of Professor of Psychology at Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York,and directs the Coping and health in context (CHiC) lab.
Jodi Anne Quas is an applied developmental psychologist who is known for her work on how maltreatment and abuse affect memory development and children's ability to give eyewitness testimony after experiencing trauma. She holds the position of Professor of Psychological Science and Nursing Science at the University of California,Irvine School of Social Ecology.
Thema S. Bryant,also known as Thema Bryant-Davis,is an American psychologist who is a professor of psychology at the Pepperdine University,where she directs the Culture and Trauma Research Laboratory. Her research considers interpersonal trauma and societal trauma of oppression. She was elected as the 2023 President of the American Psychological Association.
References
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- ↑ "Statement from FABBS President, Roxane Cohen Silver – FABBS" . Retrieved 2020-11-22.
- ↑ "Women Leaders: Roxane Cohen Silver, PhD, U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Homeland Security Advisory Council". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
- ↑ "Psychology in Action: Stepping onto New Terrain: Organizations that Help Give Globally". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
- ↑ "Award for Distinguished Service to Psychological Science".
- ↑ "ISTSS - Past Public Advocacy Award". istss.org. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
- ↑ "Fellow Dr. Roxane Cohen Silver". legacy.nccu.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
- ↑ "Roxane Cohen Silver: Award for Distinguished Senior Career Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest". American Psychologist. 66 (8): 717–720. 2011. doi:10.1037/a0026016. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 22082393.
- ↑ "APA Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
- ↑ "Awards & Honors | Division of Trauma Psychology". www.apatraumadivision.org. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
- 1 2 Packard, E. (2007). "Women Leaders: Roxane Cohen Silver, PhD". American Psychological Association.
- 1 2 "University of California, Irvine Faculty page" (PDF).
- ↑ Wortman, Camille B.; Coates, Dan (1985). "Obituary: Philip Brickman (1943-1982)". American Psychologist. 40 (9): 1051–1052. doi:10.1037/h0092212. ISSN 1935-990X.
- ↑ Senior, Jennifer (2020-11-24). "Opinion | Happiness Won't Save You". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-12-05.
- ↑ "Neurotree - Roxane C. Silver Family Tree". neurotree.org. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
- ↑ Silver, Roxane Cohen (1983). Coping with an undesirable life event: A study of early reactions to physical disability. Dissertation Abstracts International, 43(10-B), 3415.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award#9403386 - SGER: Coping with the Southern California Firestorms: Immediate Responses and Predictors of Adjustment". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
- ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award#1760764 - RAPID: Responding to the Risk of Hurricanes Harvey and Irma: Choices and Adjustment Over Time". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
- ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award#2026337 - RAPID: Uncertain Risk and Stressful Future: A National Study of the COVID-2019 Outbreak in the U.S." www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
- ↑ "Lessons from 9/11". UCI News. 2011-09-09. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
- ↑ Silver, Roxane Cohen (2002-09-11). "Nationwide Longitudinal Study of Psychological Responses to September 11". JAMA. 288 (10): 1235–1244. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.10.1235 . ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 12215130.
- ↑ Carey, Benedict (2011-01-03). "On Road to Recovery, Past Adversity Provides a Map (Published 2011)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-12-04.
- 1 2 Seery, Mark D.; Holman, E. Alison; Silver, Roxane Cohen (2010). "Whatever does not kill us: Cumulative lifetime adversity, vulnerability, and resilience". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 99 (6): 1025–1041. doi:10.1037/a0021344. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 20939649. S2CID 6597081.
- 1 2 Holman, E. Alison; Thompson, Rebecca R.; Garfin, Dana Rose; Silver, Roxane Cohen (2020-10-01). "The unfolding COVID-19 pandemic: A probability-based, nationally representative study of mental health in the United States". Science Advances. 6 (42): eabd5390. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abd5390 . ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7556755 . PMID 32948511.
- ↑ Izadi, Elahe. "The news is driving you mad. And that's why you can't stop devouring it". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved 2020-12-04.
- ↑ "Study links rising stress, depression in U.S. to pandemic-related losses, media consumption". www.newswise.com. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
- 1 2 Miller, Kate Santich, Naseem S. "How to care for your mental health during COVID-19 pandemic". orlandosentinel.com. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
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