Russell Barkley

Last updated
Russell Barkley
Ph.D
FAPA
Professor Russell Barkley performing a public presentation about ADHD in Italy, Centro Archimede Medical Centre, 30 September 2023.jpg
Barkley speaking about ADHD in Italy, September 2023
Born (1949-12-27) December 27, 1949 (age 74)
Newburgh, New York. United States
NationalityUSA
Education Wayne Community College (A.A.)
UNC Chapel Hill (B.A., Psychology)
Bowling Green State University (M.A., Ph.D. Clinical Psychology) [1]
Occupation(s) Professor, clinical neuropsychologist, author
Years active1977–present
Organization Guilford Press
Known for ADHD research
Notable work
  • Research contributions
  • Taking Charge of ADHD
  • Your Defiant Child
  • The ADHD Report
  • Taking Charge of Adult ADHD
  • Executive Functions: What They Are, How They Work, and Why They Evolved
[2]
TitleFormer president of the Section on Clinical Child Psychology (the former Division 12) of the American Psychological Association (APA), and of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. [2]
Parent(s)Donald Stuart Barkley
Mildred Minerva (née Terbush) Barkley
AwardsAwards from the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Psychological Association
Academic work
Discipline Psychologist
Website www.russellbarkley.org

Russell Alan Barkley FAPA (born December 27, 1949) is a retired American clinical neuropsychologist who was a clinical professor of psychiatry at the VCU Medical Center until 2022 and president of Division 12 of the American Psychological Association (APA) and of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (ISRCAP). [3] [4] [5] Involved in research since 1973 and a licensed psychologist since 1977, he is an expert on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and has devoted much of his scientific career to studying ADHD and related fields like childhood defiance. [6] He proposed the renaming of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) to cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS). [7]

Contents

Besides his clinical work, he is also an expert in the neuropsychology of executive function and self-regulation. He is board certified in three clinical specialties: clinical neuropsychology, clinical psychology, and clinical child and adolescent psychology. [4] [8]

Early life and education

Russell Alan Barkley was born in Newburgh, New York. He was one of five children, born to US Air Force Colonel Donald Stuart Barkley (27 February 1916 – 15 June 1999) and Mildred Minerva née Terbush (10 September 1914 – 25 April 2008). Barkley served in the United States Air Force from 1968 to 1972, including a tour of duty in Vietnam. [9] He had a fraternal twin brother, Ronald Foster Barkley, [10] [11] who was killed in a car crash on 24 July 2006. Barkley attributes his brother's history of dangerous and reckless behavior, including not wearing a seat belt and speeding at the time of his crash, to untreated ADHD. [12] Ronald was several times over the legal alcohol limit, speeding and not wearing a seat belt at the time of his fatal crash. [13]

Barkley earned an Associate of Arts from Wayne Community College in Goldsboro, North Carolina in June 1972, and a BA in psychology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. [14] He earned an MA and Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green, Ohio. [15] From July 1976 to 1977, Barkley was an intern at the University of Oregon Health Sciences Center in Portland, Oregon. [14] [16]

Career

In 1977, Barkley began his professional career at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Milwaukee Children's Hospital, where in 1978, he founded the Neuropsychology Service and served as its chief until 1985. He then moved to the University of Massachusetts Medical School, where he served as Director of Psychology from 1985 to 2000. Barkley was professor of psychiatry and neurology at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. [17] [18] [19] In 2005, he joined the State University of New York Upstate Medical University (SUNY) in Syracuse, New York, where he was a consultant and research professor of psychiatry. [20] [21] He taught at the Medical University of South Carolina from 2003 to 2016 and then moved to Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond, Virginia, where he taught in the Department of Psychiatry until 2020. [4] [5] [22] [ non-primary source needed ]

Until 2022, he served as president of the Section on Clinical Child Psychology (Division 12) of the American Psychological Association (APA) and of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (ISRCAP). [3] [4] [5] He is a fellow of the APA. [23] [24]

Barkley led the first International Consensus Statement on ADHD. [25] He is known for his research contributions [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] including multiple papers from his longitudinal study in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; [31] [32] the persistence of ADHD into adulthood; [33] [34] [35] his development of a theory of ADHD as a disorder of executive functioning and self-regulation; [36] [37] establishing the nature of emotional dysregulation in ADHD; [38] early research on family interaction patterns in ADHD children; [39] his more recent studies on the nature of ADHD in adults; [40] early intervention for children at risk for ADHD; [41] training parents to manage ADHD and defiant behavior; [42] and the nature of cognitive disengagement syndrome. [43]

He has given more than 800 invited lectures in more than 30 countries during his career, as part of his effort to disseminate science. [44] [45] [46] Barkley edited ''The ADHD Report'', a newsletter for clinicians and parents, until its 30th and final volume in 2022. [47] Barkley has performed his forever last invited public lecture at the Centro Archimede Medical Centre, where he discussed ADHD, CDS and related topics, in Italy, September 30 2023. [48] [49]

Besides his books, he has published six clinical rating scales related to ADHD, executive functioning, and impairment. [4] [5] One of Barkley's rating scales for adult ADHD evaluates CDS, [50] a distinct syndrome from ADHD. [51]

Barkley believes between 5-7% of people have ADHD. [52]

Views on medication

In 1978, Barkley wrote that "Stimulant drug studies based primarily on measures of teacher opinion have frequently concluded that these drugs improve the achievement of hyperkinetic children. However, a review of those studies using more objective measures of academic performance revealed few positive short-term or long-term drug effects on these measures. What few improvements have been noted can be readily attributed to better attention during testing. The major effect of the stimulants appears to be an improvement in classroom manageability rather than academic performance". [53] In 1991, Barkley noted that "Psychostimulant medications (e.g., Ritalin) are highly effective treatments for the symptomatic management of children with ADHD as they can enhance significantly their attention span, impulse control, academic performance, and peer relationships". [53]

In response to critics who point to countries with lower rates of diagnoses and medication of children for ADHD, Barkley said, "So what? We do not let the rest of the world set our standards of care when we do more research on childhood disorders--specifically ADHD--than other countries combined?". [54]

Barkley believes that medications such as methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine should be downgraded to schedule III. [55]

During an interview in 2001, Barkley said that "All of the research we have indicates that these drugs are some of the safest that we employ in the field of psychiatry and psychology. That's not to say that we know everything about them. But we know a lot more than we know about cough medicines and Tylenol and aspirins and other things that children swill whenever they come down with a common cold. Nobody asks those questions about those over-the-counter medications, yet we know substantially less about them". [56]

Barkley has compared the symptomatic impairments of ADHD to a physical handicap, with accommodations and treatment being the equivalent of a wheelchair. [57] On 16 November 1998 he said that "[methylphenidate] will be ranked as one of the leading developments in this century for helping individuals". [58]

Disclosure

Barkley declares royalties or licences from Guilford Publications, the American Psychological Association, Professional Education Systems Institute, ContinuingEdCourses; and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, consultancy, manuscript writing, or educational events from AstraZeneca, Takeda, the Medical College of Wisconsin, Eli Lilly, and Ochsner Medical Center. [59] [60]

Books

Awards

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</span> Neurodevelopmental disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by executive dysfunction occasioning symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and emotional dysregulation that are excessive and pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts, and otherwise age-inappropriate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methylphenidate</span> Central nervous system stimulant

Methylphenidate, sold under the brand names Ritalin and Concerta among others, is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant used medically to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and, to a lesser extent, narcolepsy. It is a primary medication for ADHD ; it may be taken by mouth or applied to the skin, and different formulations have varying durations of effect. For ADHD, the effectiveness of methylphenidate is comparable to atomoxetine but modestly lower than amphetamines, alleviating the executive functioning deficits of sustained attention, inhibition, working memory, reaction time and emotional self-regulation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atomoxetine</span> Medication used to treat ADHD

Atomoxetine, sold under the brand name Strattera, is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and, to a lesser extent, cognitive disengagement syndrome. It may be used alone or along with psychostimulants. It enhances the executive functions of self-motivation, sustained attention, inhibition, working memory, reaction time and emotional self-regulation. Use of atomoxetine is only recommended for those who are at least six years old. It is taken orally. The effectiveness of atomoxetine is comparable to the commonly prescribed stimulant medication methylphenidate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyperfocus</span> Intense form of mental concentration

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Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is the persistence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) into adulthood. It is a neurodevelopmental disorder, meaning impairing symptoms must have been present in childhood, except for when ADHD occurs after traumatic brain injury. Specifically, multiple symptoms must be present before the age of 12, according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. The cutoff age of 12 is a change from the previous requirement of symptom onset, which was before the age of 7 in the DSM-IV. This was done to add flexibility in the diagnosis of adults. ADHD was previously thought to be a childhood disorder that improved with age, but recent research has disproved this. Approximately two-thirds of childhood cases of ADHD continue into adulthood, with varying degrees of symptom severity that change over time and continue to affect individuals with symptoms ranging from minor inconveniences to impairments in daily functioning.

Cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) is an attention syndrome characterised by prominent dreaminess, mental fogginess, hypoactivity, sluggishness, slow reaction time, staring frequently, inconsistent alertness, and a slow working speed. To scientists in the field, it has reached the threshold of evidence and recognition as a distinct syndrome.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive, is one of the three presentations of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In 1987–1994, there were no subtypes or presentations and thus it was not distinguished from hyperactive ADHD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III-R). In DSM-5, subtypes were discarded and reclassified as presentations of the same disorder that change over time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies</span> Controversies surrounding the topic of ADHDs nature, diagnosis, and treatment

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management options are evidence-based practices with established treatment efficacy for ADHD. Approaches that have been evaluated in the management of ADHD symptoms include FDA-approved pharmacologic treatment and other pharmaceutical agents, psychological or behavioral approaches, combined pharmacological and behavioral approaches, cognitive training, neurofeedback, neurostimulation, physical exercise, nutrition and supplements, integrative medicine, parent support, and school interventions. Based on a systematic literature review and meta analysis conducted in 2024, only FDA-approved medications and psychosocial interventions have been shown to improve core ADHD symptoms compared to control groups.

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  1. ↑ "Author of the Month - May 2020". Guilford Press. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  2. 1 2 "Russell A. Barkley". Guilford Press. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  3. 1 2 "P_Russell Barkley_experto". Aitana Congress 2020. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Dr. Russell A. Barkley - Dedicated to Education and Research on ADHD".
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Russell A. Barkley". Guilford.com. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  6. ↑ Frontline. Interviews – Russell Barkley Archived 2016-07-31 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ https://www.jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(22)01246-1/fulltext
  8. ↑ www.pesi.co.uk https://www.pesi.co.uk/items/getproductspeaker?productId=122178&tokenType=Firstname_Lastname_WithBio&SpeakerId=7317 . Retrieved 2024-07-11.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ↑ "Dr. Russell A. Barkley - Dedicated to Education and Research on ADHD". www.russellbarkley.org. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
  10. ↑ Barkley, Russell A.; Robin, Arthur L. (17 October 2013). Your Defiant Teen, Second Edition: 10 Steps to Resolve Conflict and Rebuild Your Relationship. Guilford Publications. ISBN   9781462513017 – via Google Books.
  11. ↑ "Adult ADHD: Driving Under the Influence...of Attention Deficit". 2012-08-03. Archived from the original on 2014-03-15. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
  12. ↑ "Russell Barkley on the Meaning of ADHD – ADHD reWired". 12 May 2015.
  13. ↑ ADHD Nation – Schwarz (2016).
  14. 1 2 VITA Russell A. Barkley, Ph.D. Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ "Russell A. Barkley, PhD". Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
  16. ↑ "Russell A. Barkley, PhD".
  17. ↑ Michael Richardson, "Suicide Risk in Caning, U.S. Doctor Warns" Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine , The New York Times, May 4, 1994.
  18. ↑ "About Russell A. Barkley, Ph.D." Archived from the original on 2014-07-16. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
  19. ↑ "Russell A. Barkley, Ph.D." Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
  20. ↑ John Leland, "Are They Here to Save the World?" Archived 2015-02-18 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times, January 12, 2006.
  21. ↑ Melissa Healy, "ADHD and Ritalin: Revisiting patients" Archived 2014-04-13 at the Wayback Machine , Los Angeles Times, May 15, 2011.
  22. ↑ "Russell A Barkley, PhD". www.russellbarkley.org.
  23. ↑ "P_Russell Barkley_experto". Aitana Congress 2020. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
  24. ↑ http://www.assp-padova.it/images/pdf/curriculum-vitae-prof-barkley2.pdf
  25. ↑ https://www.russellbarkley.org/factsheets/Consensus2002.pdf
  26. ↑ "ADHD and Emotional Dysregulation". www.adhdevidence.org. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  27. ↑ "Russell A. Barkley, Ph.D." scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  28. ↑ "Russell Barkley, Ph.D.: Honoring ADHD Author and Expert". www.additudemag.com. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  29. ↑ "Dr. Russell Barkley". Learning Center. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  30. ↑ Faraone, Stephen V.; Rostain, Anthony L.; Blader, Joseph; Busch, Betsy; Childress, Ann C.; Connor, Daniel F.; Newcorn, Jeffrey H. (February 2019). "Practitioner Review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder – implications for clinical recognition and intervention". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 60 (2): 133–150. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12899. ISSN   0021-9630. PMID   29624671.
  31. ↑ academic.oup.com https://academic.oup.com/book/24338/chapter-abstract/187177789?redirectedFrom=fulltext . Retrieved 2024-03-29.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  32. ↑ Barkley, Russell A.; Fischer, Mariellen (July 2019). "Hyperactive Child Syndrome and Estimated Life Expectancy at Young Adult Follow-Up: The Role of ADHD Persistence and Other Potential Predictors". Journal of Attention Disorders. 23 (9): 907–923. doi:10.1177/1087054718816164. ISSN   1087-0547. PMID   30526189.
  33. ↑ Kessler, Ronald C.; Adler, Lenard; Barkley, Russell; Biederman, Joseph; Conners, C. Keith; Demler, Olga; Faraone, Stephen V.; Greenhill, Laurence L.; Howes, Mary J.; Secnik, Kristina; Spencer, Thomas; Ustun, T. Bedirhan; Walters, Ellen E.; Zaslavsky, Alan M. (April 2006). "The Prevalence and Correlates of Adult ADHD in the United States: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication". American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (4): 716–723. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.716. ISSN   0002-953X. PMC   2859678 . PMID   16585449.
  34. ↑ Barkley, Russell A.; Fischer, Mariellen; Smallish, Lori; Fletcher, Kenneth (May 2002). "The persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 111 (2): 279–289. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.111.2.279. ISSN   0021-843X. PMID   12003449.
  35. ↑ Barkley, Russell A.; Murphy, Kevin R.; Fischer, Mariellen (2010-11-01). ADHD in Adults: What the Science Says. Guilford Press. ISBN   978-1-60918-075-1.
  36. ↑ Barkley, Russell A. (January 1997). "Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD". Psychological Bulletin. 121 (1): 65–94. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65. ISSN   0033-2909. PMID   9000892.
  37. ↑ Antshel, Kevin M.; Hier, Bridget O.; Barkley, Russell A. (2014), Goldstein, Sam; Naglieri, Jack A. (eds.), "Executive Functioning Theory and ADHD", Handbook of Executive Functioning, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 107–120, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_7, ISBN   978-1-4614-8106-5
  38. ↑ Barkley, R.; Murphy, K.; Robison, Reid J.; Reimherr, F.; Marchant, Barrie K.; Kondo, D.; Coon, H.; Rosen, Paul; Epstein, J. (2010). "Emotional Self-Regulation in Adults With Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) : The Relative Contributions of Emotional Impulsiveness and ADHD Symptoms to Adaptive Impairments in Major Life Activities". S2CID   17568892.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  39. ↑ Barkley, Russell A.; Anastopoulos, Arthur D.; Guevremont, David C.; Fletcher, Kenneth E. (1992-06-01). "Adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Mother-adolescent interactions, family beliefs and conflicts, and maternal psychopathology". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 20 (3): 263–288. doi:10.1007/BF00916692. ISSN   1573-2835. PMID   1619134.
  40. ↑ Barkley, Russell A.; Murphy, Kevin R. (2011-06-01). "The Nature of Executive Function (EF) Deficits in Daily Life Activities in Adults with ADHD and Their Relationship to Performance on EF Tests". Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 33 (2): 137–158. doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9217-x. ISSN   1573-3505.
  41. ↑ Sonuga-Barke, Edmund JS; Koerting, Johanna; Smith, Elizabeth; McCann, Donna C; Thompson, Margaret (April 2011). "Early detection and intervention for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 11 (4): 557–563. doi:10.1586/ern.11.39. ISSN   1473-7175. PMID   21469928.
  42. ↑ Barkley, Russell A. (2013-03-21). Defiant Children: A Clinician's Manual for Assessment and Parent Training. Guilford Press. ISBN   978-1-4625-0950-8.
  43. ↑ Becker, Stephen P.; Willcutt, Erik G.; Leopold, Daniel R.; Fredrick, Joseph W.; Smith, Zoe R.; Jacobson, Lisa A.; Burns, G. Leonard; Mayes, Susan D.; Waschbusch, Daniel A.; Froehlich, Tanya E.; McBurnett, Keith; Servera, Mateu; Barkley, Russell A. (June 2023). "Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 62 (6): 629–645. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821. ISSN   1527-5418. PMC   9943858 . PMID   36007816.
  44. ↑ www.pesi.co.uk https://www.pesi.co.uk/items/getproductspeaker?productId=122178&tokenType=Firstname_Lastname_WithBio&SpeakerId=7317 . Retrieved 2024-07-11.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  45. ↑ "Russell A. Barkley | Professor of Psychiatry | PESI.com". catalog.pesi.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  46. ↑ "Dr. Russell Barkley". Learning Center. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  47. ↑ "The ADHD Report". Guilford.com. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  48. ↑ "Convegno Internazionale, Padova 30/09/2023 – Archimede". www.cdarchimede.it. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  49. ↑ Hoarding Behavior/Disorder & ADHD - Part 1: How often are they seen together? . Retrieved 2024-04-21– via www.youtube.com.
  50. ↑ Becker, Stephen P.; Willcutt, Erik G.; Leopold, Daniel R.; Fredrick, Joseph W.; Smith, Zoe R.; Jacobson, Lisa A.; Burns, G. Leonard; Mayes, Susan D.; Waschbusch, Daniel A.; Froehlich, Tanya E.; McBurnett, Keith; Servera, Mateu; Barkley, Russell A. (June 2023). "Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 62 (6): 629–645. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821. ISSN   0890-8567. PMC   9943858 . PMID   36007816.
  51. ↑ Becker, Stephen P.; Willcutt, Erik G.; Leopold, Daniel R.; Fredrick, Joseph W.; Smith, Zoe R.; Jacobson, Lisa A.; Burns, G. Leonard; Mayes, Susan D.; Waschbusch, Daniel A.; Froehlich, Tanya E.; McBurnett, Keith; Servera, Mateu; Barkley, Russell A. (2023-06-01). "Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 62 (6): 629–645. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 . ISSN   0890-8567. PMC   9943858 . PMID   36007816.
  52. ↑ "Addressing Controversy in ADHD: An Interview with Russell A. Barkley, PHD".
  53. 1 2 Dupaul, George J.; Barkley, Russell A.; McMurray, Mary B. (1991). "Therapeutic Effects of Medication on ADHD: Implications for School Psychologists". School Psychology Review. 20 (2): 203–219. doi:10.1080/02796015.1991.12085546.
  54. ↑ "Medicating ADHD: Too much? Too soon?". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2020-04-05.
  55. ↑ "Medicating kids". PBS . 10 April 2001.
  56. ↑ "Interviews - Russell Barkley - Medicating Kids - FRONTLINE - PBS". PBS. 2001-04-10. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
  57. ↑ "ADHD: Serious Psychiatric Problem or All-American Cop-out?".
  58. ↑ ADHD Nation - Alan Schwarz page 64
  59. ↑ Gosling, Corentin J.; Caparos, Serge; Pinabiaux, Charlotte; Schwarzer, Guido; Rücker, Gerta; Agha, Sharifah Shameem; Bøe, Tormod; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Lundervold, Astri J.; Øie, Merete Glenne; Skogli, Erik Winther; Alrouh, Hekmat; Antony, Ambler; Peter, Anderson; Ainara, Andiarena (2023). "Association between relative age at school and persistence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in prospective studies: an individual participant data meta-analysis SIMBA study group". The Lancet Psychiatry. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00272-9. ISSN   2215-0374.
  60. ↑ Becker, Stephen P.; Willcutt, Erik G.; Leopold, Daniel R.; Fredrick, Joseph W.; Smith, Zoe R.; Jacobson, Lisa A.; Burns, G. Leonard; Mayes, Susan D.; Waschbusch, Daniel A.; Froehlich, Tanya E.; McBurnett, Keith; Servera, Mateu; Barkley, Russell A. (June 2023). "Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS)". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 62 (6): 629–645. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821. ISSN   0890-8567. PMC   9943858 . PMID   36007816.
  61. ↑ Past Award Winners Archived 2018-06-12 at the Wayback Machine , (Retrieved 29 May 2018)
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