Spermine oxidase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SMOX gene. [5] [6] [7]
Spermine oxidase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SMOX gene. [5] [6] [7]
The product of this gene is the polyamine oxidase. This enzyme potentially represents a new class of catabolic enzymes in the mammalian polyamine metabolic pathway capable of the efficient oxidation of polyamines. More than five transcript variants encoding four active isoenzymes have been identified for this gene, however, not all variants have been fully described. The characterized isoenzymes have distinctive biochemical characteristics and substrate specificities, suggesting the existence of additional levels of complexity in polyamine catabolism. [7]
Spermine is a polyamine involved in cellular metabolism that is found in all eukaryotic cells. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. It is an essential growth factor in some bacteria as well. It is found as a polycation at physiological pH. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids and is thought to stabilize helical structure, particularly in viruses.
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase or protox is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPOX gene.
Coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPOX gene. A genetic defect in the enzyme results in a reduced production of heme in animals. The medical condition associated with this enzyme defect is called hereditary coproporphyria.
Diamine oxidase (DAO), also known "amine oxidase, copper-containing, 1" (AOC1), formerly called histaminase, is an enzyme involved in the metabolism, oxidation, and inactivation of histamine and other polyamines such as putrescine or spermidine in animals. It belongs to the amine oxidase (copper-containing) (AOC) family of amine oxidase enzymes. In humans, DAO it is encoded by AOC1 gene.
Spermine synthase is an enzyme that converts spermidine into spermine. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Xanthine dehydrogenase, also known as XDH, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the XDH gene.
A polyamine oxidase (PAO) is an enzymatic flavoprotein that oxidizes a carbon-nitrogen bond in a secondary amino group of a polyamine donor, using molecular oxygen as an acceptor. The generalized PAO reaction converts three substrates into three products. Different PAOs with varying substrate specificities exist in different organisms. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that PAOs likely evolved once in eukaryotes and diversified by divergent evolution and gene duplication events, though some prokaryotes have acquired PAOs through horizontal gene transfer.
Flavin-containing amine oxidoreductases are a family of various amine oxidases, including maize polyamine oxidase (PAO), L-amino acid oxidases (LAO) and various flavin containing monoamine oxidases (MAO). The aligned region includes the flavin binding site of these enzymes. In vertebrates, MAO plays an important role in regulating the intracellular levels of amines via their oxidation; these include various neurotransmitters, neurotoxins and trace amines. In lower eukaryotes such as aspergillus and in bacteria the main role of amine oxidases is to provide a source of ammonium. PAOs in plants, bacteria and protozoa oxidise spermidine and spermine to an aminobutyral, diaminopropane and hydrogen peroxide and are involved in the catabolism of polyamines. Other members of this family include tryptophan 2-monooxygenase, putrescine oxidase, corticosteroid-binding proteins, and antibacterial glycoproteins.
Diamine acetyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SAT1 gene found on the X chromosome.
Ribonuclease pancreatic is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNASE1 gene.
3α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKR1C4 gene. It is known to be necessary for the synthesis of the endogenous neurosteroids allopregnanolone, THDOC, and 3α-androstanediol. It is also known to catalyze the reversible conversion of 3α-androstanediol (5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol) to dihydrotestosterone and vice versa.
Polyamine-modulated factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PMF1 gene.
Peroxisomal N(1)-acetyl-spermine/spermidine oxidase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PAOX gene.
Lysyl oxidase homolog 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LOXL3 gene.
A polyamine is an organic compound having more than two amino groups. Alkyl polyamines occur naturally but are also synthetic. Alkylpolyamines are colorless, hygroscopic, and water soluble. Near neutral pH, they exist as the ammonium derivatives. Most aromatic polyamines are crystalline solids at room temperature.
N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase (EC 1.5.3.13, hPAO-1, mPAO, hPAO) is an enzyme with systematic name N1-acetylpolyamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-acetamidopropanal-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Spermine oxidase (EC 1.5.3.16, PAOh1/SMO, AtPAO1, AtPAO4, SMO) is an enzyme with systematic name spermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (spermidine-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Non-specific polyamine oxidase (EC 1.5.3.17, polyamine oxidase, Fms1, AtPAO3) is an enzyme with systematic name polyamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-aminopropanal or 3-acetamidopropanal-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
FAD-dependent urate hydroxylase is an enzyme with systematic name urate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase . A non-homologous isofunctional enzyme (NISE) to HpxO was found, and named HpyO. HpyO was determined to be a typical Michaelian enzyme. These FAD-dependent urate hydroxylases are flavoproteins.
Snyder–Robinson syndrome (SRS) is an extremely rare inherited genetic disorder characterized by muscular and skeletal abnormalities, varying degrees of intellectual disability, seizures, and slow development.
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