"Saint Patrick's Breastplate" is an Old Irish prayer of protection of the "lorica" type (hence "Lorica Sancti Patricii", or "The Lorica of Saint Patrick") attributed to Saint Patrick.
Its title is given as Faeth Fiada in the 11th-century Liber Hymnorum that records the text. This has been interpreted as the "Deer's Cry" by Middle Irish popular etymology, but it is more likely a term for a "spell of concealment". [1] It is also known by its incipit (repeated at the beginning of the first five sections) atomruig indiu, or "I bind unto myself today".
The prayer is part of the Liber Hymnorum , an 11th-century collection of hymns found in two manuscripts kept in Dublin. [2] It is also present, in a more fragmentary state, in the 9th-century Vita tripartita Sancti Patricii . It was edited in 1888 (Vita Tripartita), in 1898 (Liber Hymnorum), and again published in 1903 in the Thesaurus Paleohibernicus.
The Liber Hymnorum gives this account of how Saint Patrick used this prayer:
Saint Patrick sang this when an ambush was laid against his coming by Loegaire, that he might not go to Tara to sow the faith. And then it appeared before those lying in ambush that they (Saint Patrick and his monks) were wild deer with a fawn following them.
The description concludes "fáeth fiada a hainm", which was interpreted as "Deer's Cry" by the medieval editor of the Liber Hymnorum (hence the connection to the deer metamorphosis), [3] but the Old Irish fáeth fiada properly refers to a "mist of concealment". [4]
The prayer as recorded is dated on linguistic grounds to the early 8th century. [5] John Colgan (1647) attributed the prayer to Saint Evin, the author of the 9th-century Vita Tripartita. It was also Colgan who reported the title of Lorica Patricii. [lower-alpha 1]
While the text shows pre-Christian influence, it is of undoubted Christian content. [6] Because of this it is also known as the "Lorica of St. Patrick" or as "St. Patrick's Breastplate".
The term Lorica is used of a number of Old Irish prayers, including one attributed to Dallán Forgaill and another to Saint Fursey. They all arose in the context of early Irish monasticism, in the 6th to 8th centuries. At what period the Latin title of Lorica was first applied to them is unclear, but the term is used in the 17th century by John Colgan. The allusion is probably to Ephesians 6:14, where the Apostle bids his readers stand, "having put on the breast-plate of righteousness". [7]
The first five sections of the prayer or hymn begin atomruig indiu "I bind unto myself today", [lower-alpha 2] followed by a list of sources of strength that the prayer calls on for support.
The text is conventionally divided into eleven sections:
The text as edited by Stokes 1888 , p. 381 is here shown alongside the literal translation due to Todd. [8]
[Atomruig indíu niurt trén, togairm Trínóite. | 1. I bind to myself to-day, The strong power of the invocation of the Trinity: |
Atomruig indíu niurt gene Crist conabath]is [lower-alpha 3] | 2. I bind to myself to-day, The power of the Incarnation of Christ, with that of his Baptism, |
Attomriug [indiu] neurt graid hiruphín | 3. I bind to myself to-day, The power of the love of Seraphim, |
Attomriug [indiu] neurt nime. | 4. I bind to myself to-day, The power of Heaven, |
Attomriug indiu neurt Dé dom lúamairecht. | 5. I bind to myself to-day, The Power of God to guide me, |
Tochuiriur etrum indíu inna hule neurtasa fri cech neurt namnus nétrocar | 6. I have set around me all these powers, Against every hostile savage power |
Crist domimdegail [indiu] ar cech neim ar loscud, | 7. Christ, protect me to-day Against poison, against burning, |
Crist lim. Crist remam. Crist imm degaid. Crist innum. | 8. Christ with me, Christ before me, Christ behind me, Christ within me, |
Crist hicride cech duine rodomscrútadar. Crist angin cech duine rodomlabradar. | 9. Christ in the heart of every man who thinks of me, Christ in the mouth of every man who speaks to me, |
[Atomruig indíu niurt trén, togairm Trínóite. | 10. I bind to myself to-day, The strong power of an invocation of the Trinity, |
Domini est salus, Domini est salus, | (Salvation is the Lord's Salvation is the Lord's |
John Colgan published a Latin translation in his Acta Triadis Thaumaturgae (1647).
In the early 19th century, Irish scholars George Petrie [9] [10] and John O'Donovan misanalyzed the first word atomruig as containing Temur, for Temoria or Tara. This is followed by James Clarence Mangan (1803–1849), whose translation begins "At Tarah to-day, in this awful hour, I call on the Holy Trinity!". The literal translation by Todd 1864 recognized this error and gives the translation "I bind to myself to-day".
In 1889, the prayer was adapted into the hymn I Bind Unto Myself Today by C. F. Alexander. A number of other adaptations have been made.
Several different modern English versions of the prayer can be found. For example, some render the beginning atomruig indiu of each major section more freely as "I clasp unto my heart today" rather than the literal "I bind/join to myself today." Various other trivial variants are found, such as the verse "Against spells of women, and smiths, and druids" as "Against spells of witches and smiths and wizards".
There is another class of free or poetic translations which deviate from the original meaning, e.g. replacing the verse "Christ in the fort, Christ in the chariot seat, and Christ in the poop [deck]" with "Christ when I lie down, Christ when I sit down, Christ when I arise." [11]
Catholic prayer cards which have popularized this prayer feature a truncated version in the interest of space. [12]
C. F. Alexander (1818–1895) wrote a hymn based on St. Patrick's Breastplate in 1889 at the request of H. H. Dickinson, Dean of the Chapel Royal at Dublin Castle. Dean Dickinson wrote about this:
I wrote to her suggesting that she should fill a gap in our Irish Church Hymnal by giving us a metrical version of St. Patrick's 'Lorica' and I sent her a carefully collated copy of the best prose translations of it. Within a week she sent me that version which appears in the appendix to our Church Hymnal." [13]
As usual, Alexander wrote the poems only. The music to the hymn was originally set in 1902 by Charles Villiers Stanford for chorus and organ, using two traditional Irish tunes, St. Patrick and Gartan, which Stanford took from his own edition (1895) of George Petrie's Collection of the Ancient Music of Ireland (originally 1855). [14] [15] This is known by its opening line "I bind unto myself today". It is currently included in the Lutheran Service Book (Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod), the English Hymnal , the Irish Church Hymnal and The Hymnal (1982) of the US Episcopal Church. It is often sung during the celebration of the Feast of Saint Patrick on or near 17 March as well as on Trinity Sunday. In many churches it is unique among standard hymns because the variations in length and metre of verses mean that at least three melodic forms are required (one tune which is sung at half-length and in full for depending on the verse length, and one entirely different tune).
In his seminal study 'The Primal Vision: Christian presence Amid African Religion', (SCM Press, London 1963) John Vernon Taylor, later Bishop of Winchester, claimed that St Patrick's Breastplate 'contains all the spiritual awareness of the primal vision and lifts it into the fullness of Christ.' He concludes by quoting the whole prayer in Kuno Meyer's version, exclaiming 'Would that it were translated and sung in every tongue in Africa!'
Since the 1980s, a resurgent interest in "Celtic spirituality" among some Christian authors led to the popularisation of the Lorica as an example of specifically "Celtic". For example, David Adam has written some books about Celtic prayers and spiritual exercises for modern Christians. In one of his books, The Cry Of The Deer, [22] he used the Lorica of St Patrick as a way to Celtic spirituality.
John Davies, Bishop of Shrewsbury, provides a verse-by-verse commentary on the Breastplate in 'A Song for Every Morning: Dedication and Defiance with St Patrick's Breastplate' (Norwich, Canterbury Press 2008), based largely on experience of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. A foreword by Kathy Galloway, Leader of the Iona Community, notes how the Breastplate brings together the personal and the political in Christian discipleship.
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