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Myxozoa is a subphylum of aquatic, obligately parasitic cnidarian animals. It contains the smallest animals ever known to have lived. Over 2,180 species have been described and some estimates have suggested at least 30,000 undiscovered species. Many have a two-host lifecycle, involving a fish and an annelid worm or a bryozoan. The average size of a myxosporean spore usually ranges from 10 μm to 20 μm, whereas that of a malacosporean spore can be up to 2 mm. Myxozoans can live in both freshwater and marine habitats.
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Myxobolus cerebralis is a myxosporean parasite of salmonids that causes whirling disease in farmed salmon and trout and also in wild fish populations. It was first described in rainbow trout in Germany a century ago, but its range has spread and it has appeared in most of Europe, the United States, South Africa, Canada and other countries. In the 1980s, M. cerebralis was found to require a tubificid oligochaete to complete its life cycle. The parasite infects its hosts with its cells after piercing them with polar filaments ejected from nematocyst-like capsules.
Ceratonova shasta is a myxosporean parasite that infects salmonid fish on the Pacific coast of North America. It was first observed at the Crystal Lake Hatchery, Shasta County, California, and has now been reported from Idaho, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia and Alaska.
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Sea lice are copepods of the family Caligidae within the order Siphonostomatoida. They are marine ectoparasites that feed on the mucus, epidermal tissue, and blood of host fish. The roughly 559 species in 37 genera include around 162 Lepeophtheirus and 268 Caligus species.
Cefoxitin is a second-generation cephamycin antibiotic developed by Merck & Co., Inc. from Cephamycin C in the year following its discovery, 1972. It was synthesized in order to create an antibiotic with a broader spectrum. It is often grouped with the second-generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin requires a prescription and as of 2010 is sold under the brand name Mefoxin by Bioniche Pharma, LLC. The generic version of cefoxitin is known as cefoxitin sodium.
Cefditoren also known as cefditoren pivoxil is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, taken by mouth to treat pneumonia and other infections. It is a third-generation oral cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against bacterial pathogens, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and it is effective against some antibiotic-resistant bacteria because it is not susceptible to hydrolysis by many common beta-lactamases. The United States Food and Drug Administration approved cefditoren pivoxil for adults and adolescents in 2001. In 2018 Zuventus Healthcare received approval for cefditoren pivoxil dry powder for suspension for the treatment of mild to moderate infection in children which are caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms.
Nanophyetus salmincola is a food-borne intestinal trematode parasite prevalent on the Pacific Northwest coast. The species may be the most common trematode endemic to the United States.
Like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens.
This article is about diseases and parasites in salmon, trout and other salmon-like fishes of the family Salmonidae.
References
MacConnell, E., and E. R. Vincent. 2002. Review: The effects of Myxobolus cerebralis on the salmonid host. Pages 95–107 in J. L. Bartholomew and J. C. Wilson, editors. Whirling disease: Reviews and current topics. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 29, Bethesda, Maryland.