The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province was the initial pulse of magmatism associated with the rifting a break up of Pangea. Pangea formed ~330 Ma with the closing of the Rheic Ocean[5][6] During Pangea's formation, many different island arc (exotic terranes) collided with Laurentia and subsequently formed the Appalachian Mountains. The three mountain-building events that raised the Appalachians were the Taconic, Acadian, and Alleghanian oroganies.[7]
These mountain building events not only raised the Appalachian Mountains to possibly as high as the present day Himalayan Mountains, but the continued accreation of island arc terranes created zones of weakness in the crust.[8] These would be used by magma during the CAMP eruptions as an easy pathway for magma to reach the surface.[9]
Sander Basalt was not a single volcanic vent. Instead it was an extremely long fissure eruption that was possibly hundreds of miles long. The Bárðarbunga Volcano pictured is the type of eruption Sander basalt would have been, but on a much larger scale
The Sander Basalt was the third eruptive event in the Culpeper Basin (with the Mount Zion Church Basalt and Hickory Grove Basalt preceding it.) The eruption was not one continuous eruption for its duration. There is evidence for at least nine different flows; by far the most of the three eruptive pulses (both the Mount Zion Church Basalt and the Hickory Grove Basalt had two flows each).[10] Each individual lava flow is separated by a thin layer of sedimentary layer of sandstone and siltstone.
Sanders Basalt is slightly different than the other two Culpeper Basin basalt flows. It has a distinctive curved columnar joints. It is also has a slightly different chemistory than the other two basalt flows. It is high-titanium, high-iron, quartz-normative Tholeiitic basalts.[11]
↑Nance, R. Damian; Gutiérrez-Alonso, Gabriel; Keppie, J. Duncan; Linnemann, Ulf; Murphy, J. Brendan; Quesada, Cecilio; Strachan, Rob A.; Woodcock, Nigel H. (March 2012). "A brief history of the Rheic Ocean". Geoscience Frontiers. 3 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2011.11.008. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
↑Nance, R. Damian; Gutiérrez-Alonso, Gabriel; Keppie, J. Duncan; Linnemann, Ulf; Murphy, J. Brendan; Quesada, Cecilio; Strachan, Rob A.; Woodcock, Nigel H. (March 2010). "Evolution of the Rheic Ocean". Gondwana Research. 17 (2–3): 194–222. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2009.08.001. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
↑Marzen, Rachel E.; Shillington, Donna J.; Lizarralde, Daniel; Harder, Steven H. (July 2019). "Constraints on Appalachian Orogenesis and Continental Rifting in the Southeastern United States From Wide‐Angle Seismic Data". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 124 (7): 6625–6652. doi:10.1029/2019JB017611.{{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
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