Santa Cruz Biotechnology

Last updated

Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (SCBT) is a developer of biological products for medical research, [1] [2] and is one of the world's largest suppliers of antibodies. [3] Santa Cruz Biotechnology headquarters are located in Dallas, Texas, with additional US facilities in Paso Robles, California, [4] and Sun Valley, Idaho. The company also has international locations in Germany, Shanghai, and Canada. [5] It is focused on the production of research tools and reagents, which also include biochemicals, labware, and CRISPR products. [6]

History

SCBT was founded in 1991 by Dr. John Stephenson and his wife Brenda Stephenson in Santa Cruz, California. [7] The company was originally headquartered in Santa Cruz, California, where the Stephensons acquired vast tracks of land, [8] and began offering antibodies to the research community. [9] Other products lines were added over the years – siRNAs in 2007, [10] shRNAs in 2009, [11] and laboratory supplies in 2010.

In 2010, the offering of biochemical was expanded from just a few hundred to over 100,000 different products. [12] Products related to CRISPR were introduced in 2015 [13] for over 37,000 mouse and human genes.

Santa Cruz Biotechnology has had issues with the USDA for a number of years due to allegations of Animal Welfare Act violations. Three animal-welfare complaints were lodged after inspectors found evidences of animal mistreatment at the company's facility in California. [14] In May 2016, the company settled with the USDA, paying a $3.5 million fine for its alleged violations and agreed to the revocation of its polyclonal antibody dealer license effective from December 31, 2016. [15] [14] The fine is considered the largest in the USDA's history. [14]

Santa Cruz Biotechnology is currently the second largest vendor in the antibody market. [8]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetic engineering</span> Manipulation of an organisms genome

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms.

Gene knockouts are a widely used genetic engineering technique that involves the targeted removal or inactivation of a specific gene within an organism's genome. This can be done through a variety of methods, including homologous recombination, CRISPR-Cas9, and TALENs.

An antidote is a substance that can counteract a form of poisoning. The term ultimately derives from the Greek term φάρμακον ἀντίδοτον (pharmakon antidoton), "(medicine) given as a remedy". Antidotes for anticoagulants are sometimes referred to as reversal agents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetically modified food</span> Foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA

Genetically modified foods, also known as genetically engineered foods, or bioengineered foods are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using various methods of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering techniques allow for the introduction of new traits as well as greater control over traits when compared to previous methods, such as selective breeding and mutation breeding.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monoclonal antibody</span> Antibodies from clones of the same blood cell

A monoclonal antibody is an antibody produced from a cell lineage made by cloning a unique white blood cell. All subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stromal cell-derived factor 1</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

The stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), also known as C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12), is a chemokine protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCL12 gene on chromosome 10. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. Stromal cell-derived factors 1-alpha and 1-beta are small cytokines that belong to the chemokine family, members of which activate leukocytes and are often induced by proinflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide, TNF, or IL1. The chemokines are characterized by the presence of 4 conserved cysteines that form 2 disulfide bonds. They can be classified into 2 subfamilies. In the CC subfamily, the cysteine residues are adjacent to each other. In the CXC subfamily, they are separated by an intervening amino acid. The SDF1 proteins belong to the latter group. CXCL12 signaling has been observed in several cancers. The CXCL12 gene also contains one of 27 SNPs associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.

Pharming, a portmanteau of farming and pharmaceutical, refers to the use of genetic engineering to insert genes that code for useful pharmaceuticals into host animals or plants that would otherwise not express those genes, thus creating a genetically modified organism (GMO). Pharming is also known as molecular farming, molecular pharming, or biopharming.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interleukin 19</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Interleukin 19 (IL-19) is an immunosuppressive protein that belongs to the IL-10 cytokine subfamily.

The historical application of biotechnology throughout time is provided below in chronological order.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ki-67 (protein)</span> Mammalian protein found in humans

Antigen Kiel 67, also known as Ki-67 or MKI67, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MKI67 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RELB</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Transcription factor RelB is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RELB gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SLC26A6</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Solute carrier family 26 member 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC26A6 gene. It is an anion-exchanger expressed in the apical membrane of the kidney proximal tubule, the apical membranes of the duct cells in the pancreas, and the villi of the duodenum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 2B</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 2B (NaPi2b) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC34A2 gene.

In molecular cloning and biology, a gene knock-in refers to a genetic engineering method that involves the one-for-one substitution of DNA sequence information in a genetic locus or the insertion of sequence information not found within the locus. Typically, this is done in mice since the technology for this process is more refined and there is a high degree of shared sequence complexity between mice and humans. The difference between knock-in technology and traditional transgenic techniques is that a knock-in involves a gene inserted into a specific locus, and is thus a "targeted" insertion. It is the opposite of gene knockout.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 6</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 6 is an integral membrane protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC9A6 gene. It was originally thought to be a mitochondrial-targeted protein, but subsequent studies have localized it to the plasma membrane and recycling endosomes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetically modified animal</span> Animal that has been genetically modified

Genetically modified animals are animals that have been genetically modified for a variety of purposes including producing drugs, enhancing yields, increasing resistance to disease, etc. The vast majority of genetically modified animals are at the research stage while the number close to entering the market remains small.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herpesvirus glycoprotein B</span> Viral glycoprotein

Herpesvirus glycoprotein B is a viral glycoprotein that is involved in the viral cell entry of Herpes simplex virus (HSV). Herpesviruses have a lipid bilayer, called the envelope, which contains twelve surface glycoproteins. For infectivity to be attained, the double stranded DNA genome of HSV must enter the host cell through means of fusion of its envelope with the cellular membrane or via endocytosis. Other viral glycoproteins involved in the process of viral cell entry include gC, gB, gD, gH, and gL, but only gC, gB, gD, and gH are required for the fusion of the HSV's envelope with the cellular membrane. It can be noted that all herpesviruses have glycoproteins gB, gH, and gL.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genome editing</span> Type of genetic engineering

Genome editing, or genome engineering, or gene editing, is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted, modified or replaced in the genome of a living organism. Unlike early genetic engineering techniques that randomly inserts genetic material into a host genome, genome editing targets the insertions to site-specific locations. The basic mechanism involved in genetic manipulations through programmable nucleases is the recognition of target genomic loci and binding of effector DNA-binding domain (DBD), double-strand breaks (DSBs) in target DNA by the restriction endonucleases, and the repair of DSBs through homology-directed recombination (HDR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Immune checkpoint</span> Regulators of the immune system

Immune checkpoints are regulators of the immune system. These pathways are crucial for self-tolerance, which prevents the immune system from attacking cells indiscriminately. However, some cancers can protect themselves from attack by stimulating immune checkpoint targets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CRISPR gene editing</span> Gene editing method

CRISPR gene editing is a genetic engineering technique in molecular biology by which the genomes of living organisms may be modified. It is based on a simplified version of the bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 antiviral defense system. By delivering the Cas9 nuclease complexed with a synthetic guide RNA (gRNA) into a cell, the cell's genome can be cut at a desired location, allowing existing genes to be removed and/or new ones added in vivo.

References

  1. ↑ "Santa Cruz Biotechnology opens office in Idaho".
  2. ↑ "Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.: Private Company Information - Bloomberg". Bloomberg News .
  3. ↑ "Economic growth pushes SLO County higher in national ranking".
  4. ↑ "Paso Robles Press Santa Cruz Biotech breaks ground on new building".
  5. ↑ "Santa Cruz Biotechnology Opens New Office in Canada".
  6. ↑ Sterling, John (2023-08-14). "ERS Genomics Inks CRISPR Deal with Santa Cruz Biotechnology". GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  7. ↑ "Idaho Mountain Express: Biotechnology firm sets up shop in Ketchum - December 3, 2008".
  8. 1 2 Ferguson, Cat (2014-02-12). "Valuable Antibodies at a High Cost". The New Yorker. ISSN   0028-792X . Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  9. ↑ Jeang, K. T.; Chun, R; Lin, N. H.; Gatignol, A; Glabe, C. G.; Fan, H (1993). "In vitro and in vivo binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein and Sp1 transcription factor". Journal of Virology. 67 (10): 6224–6233. doi:10.1128/JVI.67.10.6224-6233.1993. PMC   238044 . PMID   7690421.
  10. ↑ Takemura, Yukihiro; Ouchi, Noriyuki; Shibata, Rei; Aprahamian, Tamar; Kirber, Michael T.; Summer, Ross S.; Kihara, Shinji; Walsh, Kenneth (1 February 2007). "Adiponectin modulates inflammatory reactions via calreticulin receptor–dependent clearance of early apoptotic bodies". J Clin Invest. 117 (2): 375–386. doi:10.1172/JCI29709. PMC   1770947 . PMID   17256056.
  11. ↑ Xiao, Qingzhong; Luo, Zhenling; Pepe, Anna Elena; Margariti, Andriani; Zeng, Lingfang; Xu, Qingbo (1 April 2009). "Embryonic stem cell differentiation into smooth muscle cells is mediated by Nox4-produced H2O2". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 296 (4): C711–C723. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00442.2008. PMID   19036941. S2CID   22623586 – via ajpcell.physiology.org.
  12. ↑ Zucal, Chiara; D’Agostino, Vito G.; Casini, Antonio; Mantelli, Barbara; Thongon, Natthakan; Soncini, Debora; Caffa, Irene; Cea, Michele; Ballestrero, Alberto; Quattrone, Alessandro; Indraccolo, Stefano; Nencioni, Alessio; Provenzani, Alessandro (5 November 2015). "EIF2A-dependent translational arrest protects leukemia cells from the energetic stress induced by NAMPT inhibition". BMC Cancer. 15: 855. doi: 10.1186/s12885-015-1845-1 . PMC   4636066 . PMID   26542945.
  13. ↑ Faddaoui, Adnen; Bachvarova, Magdalena; Plante, Marie; Gregoire, Jean; Renaud, Marie-Claude; Sebastianelli, Alexandra; Gobeil, Stephane; Morin, Chantale; Macdonald, Elizabeth; Vanderhyden, Barbara; Bachvarov, Dimcho (9 February 2016). "The mannose receptor LY75 (DEC205/CD205) modulates cellular phenotype and metastatic potential of ovarian cancer cells". Oncotarget. 7 (12): 14125–14142. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.7288. PMC   4924702 . PMID   26871602.
  14. 1 2 3 Reardon, Sara (2016). "US government issues historic $3.5-million fine over animal welfare". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19958. S2CID   168547955.
  15. ↑ "Santa Cruz Biotechnology and the USDA – Speaking of Research". 2023-06-13. Archived from the original on 2023-06-13. Retrieved 2024-01-14.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.