Saudi Fund for Development

Last updated

Saudi Fund for Development (SFD)
Native name
الصندوق السعودي للتنمية
Founded1 March 1975;49 years ago (1975-03-01)
Headquarters
Riyadh
,
Saudi Arabia
Key people
Ahmed Al-khateeb (Chairman)
Khalid Alkhudairy (CEO)
Website www.sfd.gov.sa/en

The Saudi Fund for Development (SFD) is a Saudi Arabian government agency that provides development assistance to developing countries by financing social and infrastructure projects. The fund seeks to support the economies of recipient countries by enhancing economic growth and promoting job opportunities. SFD was established in 1974 and began operations in 1975. [1] Through actions including development, finance, trade, and funding, the SFD has continued to expand. [2] Today, it is involved in 3750 projects in 71 countries. [3] The fund is led by H.E. Ahmed bin Aqeel Al-Khateeb who also serves as the Minister of Tourism for Saudi Arabia. [4]

Contents

History

Since the SFD's establishment in 1975, it has financed infrastructure programs (dams, transport) and vital social projects (Healthcare facilities; Water, Sanitation and Health (WASH) programs and education) alongside other sectors such as energy and agriculture. [1]

Funding

SFD’s capital now amounts to Saudi Arabian Riyals (SAR) 31 billion [1] (US $8.3 billion), from an initial investment of SAR 10 billion (US $2.6 billion). [1] SFD has contributed official development assistance (ODA) to 1000 projects in 85 countries through loan and grant mechanisms. [5] In 2017, SFD was responsible for 43.9% of ODA dispersed by Saudi government agencies. [6]

SFD delivers funding bi-laterally. However, it is also engaged in the multilateral development system and works with a wide range of organizations. Examples of these include: the United Nations, [7] the World Bank, Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, Islamic Development Bank, OPEC Fund for International Development, and the French Development Agency. [8]

SFD’s funding is multi regional and provides development assistance to all developing countries, [9] although it prioritizes the least developed and low-income countries. [1] According to the World Bank, SFD is one of the most global of Arab international development funds, financing projects everywhere, including in Europe and South America. [10]

Official development assistance

In 2014, Saudi Arabia’s gross ODA amounted to SAR 54 billion (US $14.4 billion), which represented 1.90% of the Kingdom’s Gross National Income (GNI), [11] which far exceeded the agreed international 0.70% ODA/GNI target. [12]

In the same year, Saudi Arabia ranked higher in contributions than 28 other DAC member countries including the United Kingdom (0.70%), and the US (0.19%). [13] Saudi Arabia became a Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Participant of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 2018 and began reporting its ODA contributions that same year. Saudi Arabia is one of the largest providers in terms of volume, with increasing levels of ODA. [6] As of 2020, Saudi Arabia has been ranked fifth globally, and first in the Arab world, for its provision of humanitarian aid. [14] According to the UN Financial Tracking Service platform, Saudi Arabia contributed SAR 4.8 billion (US $1.2 billion) or 5.5% of the total amount of international spending on relief programs.

Multi-country programs

Since its founding in 1974, SFD’s methodology has been to assess the critical needs of partner nations - whether those be in energy, water, transportation [15] or other principal development areas - and work to finance projects that address a particular need, in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. [16] In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, SFD, as a member of the Arab Coordination Group, will contribute funding to help developing countries economically recover from the recession caused by the pandemic. Collectively, the Arab Coordination Group has committed SAR 375 billion (US $10 billion) to this effort. [17]

Reducing isolation in landlocked countries

SFD has supported transportation and infrastructure projects designed to reduce social and economic isolation in landlocked African countries. [18] The lack of infrastructure and connectivity between such countries has led to a reduction in exports, as transport costs are estimated to comprise about 77% of the value of exports. [18] This has had a significant impact on landlocked countries’ abilities to trade with their neighbors. To combat this, SFD has contributed to the financing of a number of internal and external road projects in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Niger, Mali and Chad, linking them to seaports in Djibouti, Ghana and Mauritania. Due to their geographical location, the countries have experienced significant social and economic challenges; the development of the roads and transportation links is expected to enhance trade and connectivity in the region, with the potential to generate jobs and increase business opportunities for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). [18]

Saudi program for wells and rural development in Africa

SFD established this program to mitigate the effects of drought in rural regions in several African countries. Under the program, over 6,000 water facilities have been equipped, and 2.5 million people have secured improved access to water. [5]

Partnerships and multi-lateral official development assistance

SFD continues to partner with international organizations such as the World Bank and the United Nations, sending support into its branches including the United Nations International Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). [7] It has also built partnerships with the development funds in other states to aid multilateral approaches, working on relationships with organizations such as the Agence française de développement (AFD), the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and, before its dissolution, the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID). [8]

SFD also collaborates with regional development partners such as the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB), Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa BADEA), the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD), the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (FKDEA), the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID), the ECOWAS Investment and Development Bank (EBID) and the West African Development Bank (BOAD) .

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

Saudi Arabia, via SFD, is a leading donor to UNHCR globally. SFD has provided more than SAR 200 million (US $54 million) to 11 UNHCR projects. According to the UNHCR, Saudi contributions have enabled a continued humanitarian response in the Middle East and other regions, particularly to those affected by the Yemen, Syria, Afghanistan, and Rohingya crisis. [19]

SFD has supported the UNHCR’s humanitarian efforts in refugee camps, such as the Al-Azraq Camp in Jordan. SFD has provided SAR 34.5 million (US $9.2 million) to two projects to support the construction of an electrical network system in the camp. [20] Implemented in two phases, the electrical network will connect all shelters, plot lighting, markets and various public spaces in the Al- Azraq camp to the electrical grid, improving access to electricity for more than 25,000 Syrian refugees living in the camp. [20] [21]

United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) for Palestine refugees in the near east

SFD has a long-standing legacy of supporting Palestinians and the Palestinian cause through UNRWA projects. In 2019, Saudi Arabia, through SFD, was recognized as one of the top three largest donors to UNRWA and has donated SAR 3 billion (US $800 million) to the agency since 1994. [22]

To date, SFD has contributed to 34 UNRWA programs and projects in support of Palestinians, such as large-scale maintenance projects that will ensure that 268 schools and health centers in Syria, Jordan, Gaza, Lebanon and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem are structurally sound. [23] These projects include support to maintain Palestinian refugee camps in different countries in the Middle East [24] [25] such as the UNRWA Al-Safsaf School in Dera’a refugee camp in Syria, which was inaugurated in 2020. [26] SFD’s funding has also contributed to the renovation of schools in the West Bank, where 46,000 Palestinian refugee children were educated in the 2019-2020 academic year at 96 schools run by the UNRWA. [27]

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

SFD has partnered with the UNDP on several projects in the Gaza Strip [28] to provide housing that benefits approximately 13,466 families from the region. [29] In February 2020, SFD signed an additional SAR 37.5 million (US $10 million) agreement with UNDP and UNRWA [29] to fund the repair and reconstruction of houses in the Gaza Strip. This fourth amendment brings the total SFD contribution to SAR 306 million (US $81.5 million). SFD’s partnership with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is crucial to improving sustainable development in Pakistan. [30] SFD has provided SAR 43.7 million (US $11.6 million) [30] to the UNDP to develop the infrastructure of the Swat district in Pakistan. [31]

As a result of the funds provided by SFD, more than 800,000 people in the Swat district of Khyber Pankhurst province stand to benefit from the restoration of 639 ongoing basic community infrastructure schemes. [30]

United Nations International Children's Fund (UNICEF)

UNICEF has recognized Saudi Arabia for its generous support for UNICEF, stating it had contributed significantly to development projects that benefit millions of children around the world. SFD has supported UNICEF with SAR 86 million (US $23 million) for education, health, nutrition and water and sanitation services in Pakistan. This has culminated in the development of schools in the Swat Valley region of Pakistan. [32]

Areas of geographical cooperation

SFD is one of Africa’s largest contributors to sustainable development aid, and since 1975 has contributed SAR 38 billion (US $10 billion) in financial assistance to more than 400 development projects in 46 African countries. SFD has worked on several cross-border projects, such as the Tadjoura Port, [33] in Djibouti, and the development of transport links in West and Central Africa. Other African countries include Burkina Faso, Burundi, Comoros Islands, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Liberia, Mauritius, Mauritania, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia. [18] In 2019, SFD signed two loans worth SAR 367 million (US $97.8 million) to finance the construction of roads and schools in Afghanistan. SFD also works with countries in Asia such as Bahrain, Jordan, Maldives, Nepal, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Sri Lanka. [34] [35] To date SFD has contributed SAR 1.5 billion (US $411 million) in financial assistance to more than 21 countries in Europe, South America and the Caribbean. SFD is financing and supporting infrastructure projects in European countries such as Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Kosovo alongside projects in South American and Caribbean countries including Brazil, Cuba and Jamaica.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palestinian Authority</span> Interim government in Western Asia

The Palestinian Authority, officially known as the Palestinian National Authority or the State of Palestine, is the Fatah-controlled government body that exercises partial civil control over the Palestinian enclaves in the Israeli-occupied West Bank as a consequence of the 1993–1995 Oslo Accords. The Palestinian Authority controlled the Gaza Strip prior to the Palestinian elections of 2006 and the subsequent Gaza conflict between the Fatah and Hamas parties, when it lost control to Hamas; the PA continues to claim the Gaza Strip, although Hamas exercises de facto control. Since January 2013, following United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19, the Palestinian Authority has used the name "State of Palestine" on official documents, without prejudice to the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) role as "representative of the Palestinian people".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Saudi Arabia</span>

The economy of Saudi Arabia is the second-largest in the Middle East and the seventeenth-largest in the world. The Saudi economy is highly reliant on its petroleum sector. Oil accounts on average in recent years for approximately 40% of Saudi GDP and 75% of fiscal revenue, with substantial fluctuations depending on oil prices each year.

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a United Nations agency mandated to aid and protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities, and stateless people, and to assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, with over 18,879 staff working in 138 countries as of 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UNRWA</span> United Nations agency supporting Palestinian refugees

The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East is a UN agency that supports the relief and human development of Palestinian refugees. UNRWA's mandate encompasses Palestinians who fled or were expelled during the Nakba, the 1948 Palestine War, and subsequent conflicts, as well as their descendants, including legally adopted children. As of 2019, more than 5.6 million Palestinians are registered with UNRWA as refugees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Yemen</span>

The economy of Yemen has significantly weakened since the breakout of the Yemeni Civil War and the humanitarian crisis, which has caused instability, escalating hostilities, and flooding in the region. At the time of unification, South Yemen and North Yemen had vastly different but equally struggling underdeveloped economic systems. Since unification, the economy has been forced to sustain the consequences of Yemen's support for Iraq during the 1990–91 Persian Gulf War: Saudi Arabia expelled almost 1 million Yemeni workers, and both Saudi Arabia and Kuwait significantly reduced economic aid to Yemen. The 1994 civil war further drained Yemen's economy. As a consequence, Yemen has relied heavily on aid from multilateral agencies to sustain its economy for the past 24 years. In return, it has pledged to implement significant economic reforms. In 1997 the International Monetary Fund (IMF) approved two programs to increase Yemen's credit significantly: the enhanced structural adjustment facility and the extended funding facility (EFF). In the ensuing years, Yemen's government attempted to implement recommended reforms: reducing the civil service payroll, eliminating diesel and other subsidies, lowering defense spending, introducing a general sales tax, and privatizing state-run industries. However, limited progress led the IMF to suspend funding between 1999 and 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Refugee</span> Displaced person

A refugee, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), is a person "forced to flee their own country and seek safety in another country. They are unable to return to their own country because of feared persecution as a result of who they are, what they believe in or say, or because of armed conflict, violence or serious public disorder." Such a person may be called an asylum seeker until granted refugee status by a contracting state or by the UNHCR if they formally make a claim for asylum.

Palestinian refugees are citizens of Mandatory Palestine, and their descendants, who fled or were expelled from their country, village or house over the course of the 1948 Palestine war and during the 1967 Six-Day War. Most Palestinian refugees live in or near 68 Palestinian refugee camps across Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. In 2019 more than 5.6 million Palestinian refugees were registered with the United Nations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Middle East and North Africa</span> Geographic region

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA), also referred to as West Asia and North Africa (WANA) or South West Asia and North Africa (SWANA), is a geographic region which comprises the Middle East and North Africa together. However, it is widely considered to be a more defined and apolitical alternative to the concept of the Greater Middle East, which comprises the bulk of the Muslim world. The region has no standardized definition and groupings may vary, but the term typically includes countries like Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, the UAE, and Yemen.

stc Group Saudi Arabian telecommunications company

The Saudi Telecom Company, trading as STC Group provides ICT services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, across the Middle East and Europe. The group offers landline and fixed infrastructure, mobile and data services, and broadband & cloud computing services. It also offers online payments, telecommunications, IOT, 5G, e-gaming, cybersecurity, digital entertainment, and fintech.

International aid has been provided to Palestinians since at least the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The Palestinians view the aid as keeping the Israeli–Palestinian peace process going, while Israelis and other foreign policy authorities have raised concerns that it is used to fund terrorism and removes the imperative for Palestinians to negotiate a settlement of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. As a provision of the Oslo Accords, international aid was to be provided to the Palestinians to ensure economic solvency for the Palestinian National Authority (PA). In 2004, it was reported that the PA, within the West Bank and Gaza Strip, receives one of the highest levels of aid in the world. In 2006, economic sanctions and other measures were taken by several countries against the PA, including suspension of international aid following Hamas' victory at the Palestinian Legislative Council election. Aid to the PA resumed in 2008 following the Annapolis Conference, where Hamas was not invited. Aid has been provided to the Palestinian Authority, Palestinian non-governmental organizations (PNGOs) as well as Palestinian political factions by various foreign governments, international organizations, international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), and charities, besides other sources.

International Organization for Relief, Welfare and Development, formerly known as the International Islamic Relief Organization or International Islamic Relief Organization of Saudi Arabia (IIROSA), is a charity based in Saudi Arabia founded by the Muslim World League in 1978. It is a full member of The Conference of NGOs, where it serves on the board. The IIRO is included in a list of some of the UNHCR's major NGO partners and has been involved in many joint programmes with UN Agencies and intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations. It has enjoyed consultative status on the United Nations Economic and Social Council since 1995. It was the first Islamic NGO to gain observer status with the International Organisation for Migration (IOM). It used also to be a member of the International Humanitarian City based in Dubai, UAE.

Issues relating to the State of Palestine and aspects of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict occupy continuous debates, resolutions, and resources at the United Nations. Since its founding in 1948, the United Nations Security Council, as of January 2010, has adopted 79 resolutions directly related to the Arab–Israeli conflict.

Since the 1980s Saudi Arabia has provided foreign assistance to many countries and organizations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">India–Saudi Arabia relations</span> Bilateral relations

India–Saudi Arabia relations, also referred to as Indian-Saudi relations or Indo-Saudi relations, are the bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Relations between the two nations are generally strong and close, especially in commercial interests. Indo-Saudi bilateral trade reached US$27.48 billion in the financial year 2017–18, up from US$25.1 billion in the preceding year. Saudi Arabia's exports to India stood at US$22.06 billion whereas India's exports were US$5.41 billion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Petro Rabigh</span> Petrochemical company of Saudi Arabia

Rabigh Refining & Petrochemical Company is a Saudi Arabia–based company which produces and markets refined hydrocarbon and petrochemicals. It was founded in 2005 as a joint venture between Saudi Aramco and Japan’s Sumitomo Chemical, and is now publicly held and traded on the Saudi Stock Exchange (TADAWUL:2380).

Qatar Charity is a humanitarian and development non-governmental organization in the Middle East. It was founded in 1992 in response to the thousands of children who were made orphans by the Afghanistan war and while orphans still remain a priority cause in the organization's work with more than 150,000 sponsored orphans, it has now expanded its fields of action to include six humanitarian fields and seven development fields.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 Jordanian protests</span>

The 2018 Jordanian protests started as a general strike organized by more than 30 trade unions on 30 May 2018 after the government of Hani Mulki submitted a new tax law to Parliament. The bill followed IMF-backed austerity measures adopted by Mulki's government since 2016 that aimed to tackle Jordan's growing public debt. Although Jordan had been relatively unscathed from the violence that swept the region following the 2011 Arab Spring, its economy had taken a hit from the surrounding turmoil and from an influx of a large number of Syrian refugees into the country. Jordan also hosts a large contingent of Iraqi and Palestinian refugees, further straining its finances. The UNHCR places Jordan as the world's second largest host of refugees per capita.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Azerbaijan–Saudi Arabia relations</span> Bilateral relations

Azerbaijan–Saudi Arabia relations are the bilateral relations between Azerbaijan and Saudi Arabia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abraham Accords</span> 2020 series of Arab–Israeli normalization agreements

The Abraham Accords are bilateral agreements on Arab–Israeli normalization signed between Israel and the United Arab Emirates and between Israel and Bahrain on September 15, 2020. Mediated by the United States, the announcement of August 13, 2020, concerned Israel and the Emirates before the subsequent announcement of an agreement between Israel and Bahrain on September 11, 2020. On September 15, 2020, the signing of the agreements was hosted by US president Trump on the Truman Balcony of the White House amid elaborate staging intended to evoke the signings of historic formal peace treaties in prior administrations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UNRWA and Israel</span>

The relationship between the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) and Israel is a feature of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. For decades, UNRWA has faced Israeli allegations surrounding its neutrality. It is the largest relief organization in the Gaza Strip which is currently undergoing a humanitarian crisis during the Israel–Hamas war. UNRWA was created as a United Nations agency in 1949 to support the relief of Palestinian refugees in the wake of their expulsion and flight during the 1948 Palestine war. After Israel captured the West Bank and Gaza in the 1967 Six-Day War, it requested that UNRWA continue its operations there, which it would facilitate.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Saudi Fund for Development (SFD) | Devex". www.devex.com. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  2. ↑ "Saudi Fund for Development | arab.org" . Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  3. ↑ "Saudi Fund for Development (SFD) | Devex". www.devex.com. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  4. ↑ "Ahmed Al-Khatib, Saudi minister of tourism". arabnews.com. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  5. 1 2 "Saudi Grants, Loans to Over 1000 Projects in 85 Countries". english.aawsat.com. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  6. 1 2 "Development Co-operation Profiles". oecd-ilibrary.org. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  7. 1 2 "With Support from Saudi Fund for Development, UNDP Disburses Compensation for Damaged Homes in Gaza". United Nations . Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  8. 1 2 "Saudi fund signs $140m loan deals with Ethiopian gov't". arabianbusiness.com. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  9. ↑ Ferabolli, Silvia. Arab Regionalism: a Post-Structural Perspective. Routledge, 2016.
  10. ↑ "Forty Years of Development Assistance from Arab Countries". Worldbank . 2 September 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  11. ↑ "Saudi Arabia and UNDP launch the report "Partnership in Development and South-South Cooperation"". sa.undp.org. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  12. ↑ "The 0.7% ODA/GNI target - a history". oecd.org. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  13. ↑ "Final Official Development Assistance Figures in 2014". oecd.org. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  14. ↑ "Saudi Arabia ranked global 5th, Arab 1st for humanitarian aid". arabnews.com. 10 January 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  15. ↑ "SR29.7 billion SFD support for pvt. sector in five years". saudigazette.com. 1 December 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  16. ↑ "SFD participates in IIF G20 Conference in Riyadh". arabnews.com. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  17. ↑ "The Arab Coordination Group approves ten billion dollars to help the countries of the South". alwatanvoice.com. 21 May 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  18. 1 2 3 4 "SFD 2017 Annual Report". sfd.gov.sa. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  19. ↑ "Saudi Arabia among major donors for UN refugee agency projects". alkhaleejtoday.co. June 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  20. 1 2 "Saudi Fund for Development and UN High Commissioner for Refugees Sign New Agreement to Support Syrian Refugees in Jordan". spa.gov.sa. 5 April 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  21. ↑ "UNHCR - The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia funded Electrical Network in Azraq Camp - Jordan". reliefweb.int. 18 September 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  22. ↑ "A Saudi fund of $23 million allows UNRWA to revamp its schools, health centers". english.wafa.ps. 11 April 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  23. ↑ "Maintaining Unrwa Installations, Maintaining Quality Services And Hope". UNRWA . 11 April 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  24. ↑ "The kingdom of Saudi Arabia contributes US$ 63 million to UNRWA for projects in Gaza, the West Bank and Jordan". UNRWA . 30 November 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  25. ↑ "Generous support from Saudi Arabia begins to implement large-scale maintenance projects: UNRWA". arabnews.com. 13 April 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  26. ↑ "UNRWA inaugurates new school in Dera'a refugee camp". reliefweb.int. 17 February 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  27. ↑ "46,000 Palestine Refugee Students Return to UNRWA Schools across the West Bank". reliefweb.int. 29 August 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  28. ↑ "In Saudi partnership, UNDP builds hundreds of new homes in Gaza". english.alarabiya.net. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  29. 1 2 "With Funds from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia UNDP and UNRWA Sign US$10 million Agreement for Reconstruction and Repair of 272 Affected Houses in Gaza". ps.undp.org. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  30. 1 2 3 "The Saudi Fund for Development". United Nations . Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  31. ↑ "How a Saudi fund revived Malala Yousafzai's disaster-hit region in Pakistan". english.alarabiya.net. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  32. ↑ Sami, Malik. "Saudi Fund for Development and UNICEF revive education in the Swat Valley". UNICEF . Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  33. ↑ "Construction of Djibouti's third sea port begins". country.eiu.com. 28 December 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  34. ↑ "Economist / Saudi Fund for Development signs two loans worth 367.5 million riyals to finance the construction of schools and roads in Afghanistan". spa.gov.sa. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  35. ↑ "Deal signed to finance construction of Bahrain medical city". arabianbusiness.com. 30 January 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.