Second inversion

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Second inversion
A G-major triad in second inversion
F major chord
Major triad on F in root position.png
Root position (F) Loudspeaker.svg Play  
Major triad on F in first inversion.png
First inversion (A6) Loudspeaker.svg Play
Major triad on F in second inversion.png
Second inversion (C6
4
) Loudspeaker.svg Play
Dominant seventh on F in third inversion.png
Third inversion of F7 chord (E4
2
) Loudspeaker.svg Play

The second inversion of a chord is the voicing of a triad, seventh chord, or ninth chord in which the fifth of the chord is the bass note. In this inversion, the bass note and the root of the chord are a fourth apart which traditionally qualifies as a dissonance. There is therefore a tendency for movement and resolution. In notation form, it is referred to with a c following the chord position (For e.g., Ic. Vc or IVc).[ citation needed ] In figured bass, a second-inversion triad is a 6
4
chord (as in I6
4
), while a second-inversion seventh chord is a 4
3
chord.

Contents

Inversions are not restricted to the same number of tones as the original chord, nor to any fixed order of tones except with regard to the interval between the root, or its octave, and the bass note, hence, great variety results. [1]

Note that any voicing above the bass is allowed. A second inversion chord must have the fifth chord factor in the bass, but it may have any arrangement of the root and third above that, including doubled notes, compound intervals, and omission (G-C-E, G-C-E-G', G-E-G-C'-E', etc.)

Examples

In the second inversion of a C-major triad, the bass is G — the fifth of the triad — with the root and third stacked above it, forming the intervals of a fourth and a sixth above the inverted bass of G, respectively.

Second inversion

In the second inversion of a G dominant seventh chord, the bass note is D, the fifth of the seventh chord.

Second inversion

Types

There are four types of second-inversion chords: cadential, passing, auxiliary, and bass arpeggiation.

Cadential

Cadential second-inversion chords are typically used in the authentic cadence I6
4
-V-I, or one of its variation, like I6
4
-V 7-I. In this form, the chord is sometimes referred to as a cadential 6
4
chord. The chord preceding I6
4
is most often a chord that would introduce V as a weak to strong progression, for example, making -II-V into II-I6
4
-V or making IV-V into IV-I6
4
-V.

Second inversion

The cadential 6
4
can be analyzed in two ways: the first labels it as a second-inversion chord, while the second treats it instead as part of a horizontal progression involving voice leading above a stationary bass.

  1. In the first designation, the cadential 6
    4
    chord features the progression: I6
    4
    -V-I. Most older harmony textbooks use this label, and it can be traced back to the early 19th century. [2]
  2. In the second designation, this chord is not considered an inversion of a tonic triad [3] but as a dissonance resolving to a consonant dominant harmony. [4] This is notated as V6–5
    4–3
    -I, in which the 6
    4
    is not the inversion of the V chord but a double appoggiatura on the V that resolves down by step to V5
    3
    (that is, V6
    4
    -V). This function is very similar to the resolution of a 4–3 suspension. Several modern textbooks prefer this conception of the cadential 6
    4
    , which can also be traced back to the early 19th century. [5]

Passing

In a progression with a passing second-inversion chord, the bass passes between two tones a third apart (usually of the same harmonic function [6] ). When moving from I to I 6, the passing chord V6
4
is placed between them – though some prefer VII 6 to V6
4
– creating stepwise motion in the bass (scale degrees Scale deg 1.svg Scale deg 2.svg Scale deg 3.svg ). It can also be used in the reverse direction: I 6-V6
4
-I. The important point is that the V6
4
chord functions as a passing chord between the two more stable chords. It occurs on the weaker beat between these two chords. [6] The upper voices usually move in step (or remain stationary) in this progression.

Second inversion

Auxiliary (or pedal)

In a progression with an auxiliary (or pedal) second-inversion chord, the IV6
4
chord functions as the harmonization of a neighbor note in the progression, I-IV6
4
-I. In this progression, the third and fifth rise a step each and then fall back, creating a harmonization for the scale degrees Scale deg 5.svg Scale deg 6.svg Scale deg 5.svg in the top voice.

Second inversion

Bass arpeggiation

In this progression, the bass arpeggiates the root, third, and fifth of the chord. This is just a florid movement but since the fifth is present in the bass, it is referred to as a bass arpeggiation flavour of the second inversion.[ citation needed ]

Second inversion

See also

Related Research Articles

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Root (chord)

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Guitar chord

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  1. the root note,
  2. the chord quality,
  3. whether the chord is a triad, seventh chord, or an extended chord,
  4. any altered notes,
  5. any added tones, and
  6. the bass note if it is not the root.

This is a glossary of Schenkerian analysis, a method of musical analysis of tonal music based on the theories of Heinrich Schenker (1868–1935). The method is discussed in the concerned article and no attempt is made here to summarize it. Similarly, the entries below whenever possible link to other articles where the concepts are described with more details, and the definitions are kept here to a minimum.

References

  1. Hubbard, William Lines (1908). The American History and Encyclopedia of Music, Vol. 10: Musical Dictionary , p.103. Irving Squire: London. [ISBN unspecified]. Also at the HathiTrust Digital Library
  2. Weber, Theory of musical composition, p. 350, quoted in Beach, D (1967) "The functions of the six-four chord in tonal music", Journal of Music Theory, 11(1), p. 8
  3. Aldwell, Edward; Schachter, Carl (1989), Harmony and Voice Leading (2nd ed.), San Diego, Toronto: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, p. 263, ISBN   0-15-531519-6, OCLC   19029983, The chord does not act as an inversion of I 5
    3
    ; it serves neither to extend it nor to substitute for it.
    LCC   MT50 A444 1989.
  4. Forte, Allen (1974), Tonal Harmony in Concept and Practice (2nd ed.), NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p. 68, ISBN   0-03-077495-0 .
  5. Arnold, F.T. The art of accompaniment from a thorough-bass, Vol. 1, p. 314. ISBN   0-486-43188-6. quoted in Beach, David (1967). "The functions of the six-four chord in tonal music", p.7, Journal of Music Theory, 11(1).
  6. 1 2 Gauldin, Robert (1997). Harmonic Practice in Tonal Music New York: W.W. Norton & Company, pg 273. ISBN   0-393-97666-1

Further reading