Shadow Puppets of Andhra Pradesh

Last updated February 21, 2019

Tholu Bommalata is the shadow puppet theatre tradition of the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.^[1] Its performers the part of a group of wandering entertainers and peddlers who pass through villages during the course of a year and offer to sing ballads, tell fortunes, sell amulets, perform acrobatics, charm snakes, weave fishnets, tattoo local people and mend pots. This ancient custom, which for centuries before radio, movies, and television provided knowledge of Hindu epics and local folk tales, not to mention news, spread to the most remote corners of the subcontinent.^[1] Tholu Bommalata literally means "the dance of leather puppets" (tholu – leather and bommalata – puppet dance).^[2]

Andhra Pradesh is one of the 29 states of India. Situated in the south-east of the country, it is the eighth-largest state in India, covering an area of 162,970 km² (62,920 sq mi). As per the 2011 census, it is the tenth most populous state, with 49,386,799 inhabitants. The largest city in Andhra Pradesh is Visakhapatnam. Telugu, one of the classical languages of India, is the major and official language of Andhra Pradesh.

India, also known as the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh largest country by area and with more than 1.3 billion people, it is the second most populous country and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.

The Mahābhārata is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Rāmāyaṇa. It narrates the struggle between two groups of cousins in the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the Pāṇḍava princes and their succession. Along with the Rāmāyaṇa, it forms the Hindu Itihasa.

Performance details

The performance begins with a series of sung invocations and a line of ornate, strikingly stylized puppets pinned in overlapping fashion onto the sides of the screen. The puppets are mounted down in the middle on a palm stem, extended to form a handle used to move the body of the puppet. Their arms are moved with detachable sticks that had a small piece of string with a peg at the end, which slipped into holes on the hands. Generally, one puppeteer manipulates all three sticks of a single puppet, holding the central handle stick in one hand and two arm-control sticks in the other. Often two to three puppeteers operates puppets on the screen at the same time, each one delivering the lines for his or her own puppet.

As the players manipulated the puppets, placing them on the screen and then moving them away, they create the illusion of the figures suddenly materializing and then fading out. They also cause the figures to walk, sway, hop, and fly through the air. The degree of skill they display in animating the dancers is astonishing. They can swivel a dancer's detachable head and manipulate her hands while keeping her hips swaying to create a remarkable illusion of twirling.

The puppeteers accompany all the character's speeches with animated movement of arms and hands, which they flip over to create a three-dimensional effect. The swaying of freely dangling legs also adds to the feeling of animation. When several puppets are stationary on the screen at the same time, they are pinned to the screen with date palm thorns. A puppet would be rapidly pinned with one or two of the lone, thin thorns passed through the perforations in the headdress of shoulder ornaments. Such puppets are still able to engage in animated conversation by means of the sticks moving their hands. Characters that engaged in rough fighting, such as the monkey king Hanuman or the jesters, are often held from the hip, enabling them to be moved with greater control than by the central stick alone.

About five minutes throughout the performance the action will be broken by the episodes of broad comic relief from the jesters speaking in a slangy, quirky style and engaging in slapstick antics. Some of these depended on a strong dose of scatological humor or puns and risqué allusions. Except for certain commonly used expletives, their language is not obscene, though sequences were bawdy to a degree not observed in other popular forms of entertainment.

Interspersed with spoken dialogue, verse passages in literary Telugu and even Sanskrit are sung accompanied by music. These occur especially in contexts of heightened emotion or important events rather like arias in European operas. The players serve as their own musicians and all members of the troupe knew the music that accompanied the various passages.

Sanskrit is a language of ancient India with a history going back about 3,500 years. It is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism and the predominant language of most works of Hindu philosophy as well as some of the principal texts of Buddhism and Jainism. Sanskrit, in its variants and numerous dialects, was the lingua franca of ancient and medieval India. In the early 1st millennium CE, along with Buddhism and Hinduism, Sanskrit migrated to Southeast Asia, parts of East Asia and Central Asia, emerging as a language of high culture and of local ruling elites in these regions.

Musical instruments

The musical instruments consists of a harmonium, a portable keyboard organ that sometimes serves only as a drone; a long, two-headed South Indian drum with tapering ends (mrudangam); strings of bells worn on the ankles and wrists; and pairs of finger cymbals. A wooden shoe, a type with stilts is used to keep its wearer above the mud during the rainy season, was struck against schoolchildren's seating planks to create dramatic clacking and banging sound effects for fight scenes.

The pump organ, reed organ, harmonium, or melodeon is a type of free-reed organ that generates sound as air flows past a vibrating piece of thin metal in a frame. The piece of metal is called a reed.

The singing style and the conventions of vocal delivery for the play closely resembles the form of singing in an old-fashioned drama genre known as 'Satyabhamakalapam'. Accompanied only by the drum and finger cymbals, the player sings raising his hand up to one ear, as if to listen to what he is listening.

Puppets and Cinema

People compared shadow play to movies was informative. Shadow play was an ingenious technology of animatinc pictures, developed centuries before the advent of the motion picture industry. Here was a method of enabling four or five people to bring a hundred or more colorful mythological characters to life in the most remote village, all accompanied by virtuoso singing, contagious rhythms, and dramatic sound effects. And how elaborate the characters' costumes were with swirling sashes and ornate necklaces and garlands, all cut to let points of light glisten in intricate patterns.

Puppet making

Three types of skins to manufacture puppets – antelope, spotted deer and goat. Antelope skins are reserved for making a limited number of auspicious characters such as the gods and epic heroes. Deer skin, noted for its strength and resistance to rough handling, is employed in the figures of warrior, Bhima; the ten-headed demon king, Ravana. All other puppets are made from goat skin, readily available locally. Most puppets are made from a single skin, though some require more. At least four skins are necessary for Ravana –one for his body, one for his legs, and one to make each set of five arms.

In Hindu mythology, Bhima is the second born of the Pandavas. The Mahabharata relates many events which portray the might of Bhima. Bhima is responsible for slaying all hundred Kaurava brothers in the Kurukshetra War.

Ravana is described in the Hindu epic Ramayana as the demon king of Lanka.

Current state of affairs

Shadow play was but one incarnation – one set of techniques for dramatizing the vastly rich Hindu epics. It is now superseded by motion pictures and television, which have reinvigorated the epics for the electronic age. But shadow play was a brilliant incarnation, one whose visual artifacts hold clues to the history of South Asian art and drama and deserve to be prepared for the delight of generations to come.^[3]

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References

1 2 "Puppet Forms of India". Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT), Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Archived from the original on 2013-05-15.
↑ "Andhra Pradesh". puppetryindia.org.
↑ Bruce Tapper (Spring–Summer 1994). Asian Art & Culture. Oxford University Press in Association with the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Smithsonian Institution, New York. 7 (2). ISBN 9780195088694. Missing or empty |title= (help)

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[ccrt-1] 1 2 "Puppet Forms of India". Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT), Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Archived from the original on 2013-05-15.

[2] "Andhra Pradesh". puppetryindia.org.

[3] Bruce Tapper (Spring–Summer 1994). Asian Art & Culture. Oxford University Press in Association with the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Smithsonian Institution, New York. 7 (2). ISBN 9780195088694. Missing or empty |title= (help)