A biosafety level (BSL),or pathogen/protection level,is a set of biocontainment precautions required to isolate dangerous biological agents in an enclosed laboratory facility. The levels of containment range from the lowest biosafety level 1 (BSL-1) to the highest at level 4 (BSL-4). In the United States,the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have specified these levels in a publication referred to as BMBL. In the European Union,the same biosafety levels are defined in a directive. In Canada the four levels are known as Containment Levels. Facilities with these designations are also sometimes given as P1 through P4,as in the term P3 laboratory.
Sir Peter Karel,Baron Piot,is a Belgian-British microbiologist known for his research into Ebola and AIDS.
The University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) is a public academic health science center in Omaha,Nebraska. Founded in 1869 and chartered as a private medical college in 1881,UNMC became part of the University of Nebraska System in 1902. Rapidly expanding in the early 20th century,the university founded a hospital,dental college,pharmacy college,college of nursing,and college of medicine. It later added colleges of public health and allied health professions. One of Omaha's top employers,UNMC has an annual budget of $841.6 million for 2020 to 2021,and an economic impact of $4.8 billion.
Christopher Dye FRS,FMedSci is a biologist,epidemiologist and public health specialist. He is Professor of Epidemiology at the University of Oxford and formerly Director of Strategy at the World Health Organization.
James Linder is an American author,academic and businessperson,as well as an authority on university research commercialization. He is chief executive officer (CEO) of Nebraska Medicine,and most recently was president of the University Technology Development Corporation and chief strategist for the University of Nebraska system. He is also a professor of pathology and microbiology at the University of Nebraska Medical Center.
Frederick A. Murphy is a retired American virologist. He was a member of the team of scientists that discovered the Ebola virus at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),where he served as Chief of Viropathology,near Emory University in Atlanta,Georgia,in 1976,and is internationally known for his work on rabies,encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers,with over 250 peer-reviewed journal articles. Murphy was as an electron microscopy pioneer in the field of virology,best recognized for obtaining the first electron micrograph of an Ebola viral particle at the CDC in 1976.
Nebraska Medicine,is a private not-for-profit American healthcare company based in Omaha,Nebraska. The company was created as Nebraska Health System (NHS) in 1997,when Bishop Clarkson Hospital merged with the adjacent University Hospital in midtown Omaha. Renamed The Nebraska Medical Center in 2003,in 2014 the company merged with UNMC Physicians and Bellevue Medical Center to become Nebraska Medicine. The company has full ownership of two hospitals and 39 specialty and primary care clinics in and around Omaha,with partial ownership in two rural hospitals and a specialty hospital. Nebraska Medicine's main campus,Nebraska Medicine – Nebraska Medical Center,has 718 beds,while its Bellevue Medical Center campus has 91 beds.
Ebola,also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF),is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates,caused by ebolaviruses. Symptoms typically start anywhere between two days and three weeks after infection. The first symptoms are usually fever,sore throat,muscle pain,and headaches. These are usually followed by vomiting,diarrhoea,rash and decreased liver and kidney function,at which point some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. It kills between 25% and 90% of those infected –about 50% on average. Death is often due to shock from fluid loss,and typically occurs between six and 16 days after the first symptoms appear. Early treatment of symptoms increases the survival rate considerably compared to late start. An Ebola vaccine was approved by the US FDA in December 2019.
Christopher Mores is an American (US) arbovirologist,trained in infectious disease epidemiology. He is a professor in the Department of Global Health at the Milken Institute School of Public Health,the program director for the Global Health Epidemiology and Disease Control MPH program,and is director of a high-containment research laboratory at the George Washington University in Washington,DC.
Four laboratory-confirmed cases of Ebola virus disease occurred in the United States in 2014. Eleven cases were reported,including these four cases and seven cases medically evacuated from other countries. The first was reported in September 2014. Nine of the people contracted the disease outside the US and traveled into the country,either as regular airline passengers or as medical evacuees;of those nine,two died. Two people contracted Ebola in the United States. Both were nurses who treated an Ebola patient;both recovered.
This article covers the timeline of the 2014 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa and its outbreaks elsewhere. Flag icons denote the first announcements of confirmed cases by the respective nation-states,their first deaths,and their first secondary transmissions,as well as relevant sessions and announcements of agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO),the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC),and NGOs such as Doctors Without Borders;medical evacuations,visa restrictions,border closures,quarantines,court rulings,and possible cases of zoonosis are also included.
The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) is a 501(c)6 non-profit organization,whose mission is "Creating knowledge to protect worker health." The American Industrial Hygiene Association works to provide information and resources to Industrial Hygienists and Occupational Health professionals.
Oluwatoyin (Toyin) Asojo currently Associate Director for Strategic Initiatives at Dartmouth Cancer Center was formerly Associate Professor and chair of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Hampton University. She was formerly an Associate Professor of Pediatrics-Tropical medicine at the Baylor College of Medicine. She works at "the interface of math,chemistry,biology,computation." She is a crystallographer and interested in structural studies of proteins from neglected tropical disease pathogens.
Sir Christopher John MacRae Whitty is a British epidemiologist,serving as Chief Medical Officer for England and Chief Medical Adviser to the UK Government since 2019.
Nahid Bhadelia is an American infectious-diseases physician,founding director of Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Policy and Research (CEID) at Boston University and an associate professor at the Boston University School of Medicine. She served as the Senior Policy Advisor for Global COVID-19 Response on the White House COVID-19 Response Team.
John J. Lowe is an American infectious disease scientist,assistant vice chancellor for health security at University of Nebraska Medical Center,and associate professor in the Department of Environmental,Agricultural and Occupational Health at University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health. In 2014,he led Nebraska Medicine hospital’s effort to treat and care for Ebola virus disease patients and led the University of Nebraska Medical Center’s coronavirus disease 2019 response efforts.
Susan Swindells is an AIDS researcher.
Howard E. Gendelman is an American physician-scientist whose research intersects the disciplines of neuroimmunology,pharmacology,and infectious diseases. Gendelman was born in Philadelphia,Pennsylvania. His research is focused on harnessing immune responses for therapeutic gain in HIV/AIDS and Neurodegenerative disease. He is the Margaret R. Larson Professor of infectious diseases and internal medicine at the University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) in Omaha.
Merry L. Lindsey is an American cardiac physiologist. She is the Stokes-Shackleford Professor and Chair of the University of Nebraska Medical Center Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and the director of the Center for Heart and Vascular Research. In 2021,Lindsey was appointed editor-in-chief of the American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology.
