Siege of Khiva (1924)

Siege of Khiva
Part of Basmachi rebellion Russian Civil War
Date 19 January–19 February 1924 Location Khiva, Khorezm PSR Result Red Army victory
Belligerents
Khorezm PSR Russian SFSR	Basmachi movement
Commanders and leaders
Vengy Angello  † Semyon Pugachov	Junaid Khan   Ahmed Bek Agadzhi Ishan
Strength
Garrison : 800 Relief force : 393	1,500-15,000
Casualties and losses
Garrison : 200 Relief force : unknown	300 dead

The Siege of Khiva was a military operation between 19 January and 19 February 1924 by Basmachi insurgents to conquer the city of Khiva from the Red Army.

Background

While the Russian Civil War had been decided in favor of the Red Army on all other fronts, the situation in Central Asia remained volatile because of the ongoing Basmachi rebellion.

By January 1924, the situation in the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (former Khanate of Khiva) had become much more complicated. By that time, cavalry units of the Basmachis, numbering some 3,000 men under the command of Junaid Khan, had received British semi-automatic rifles and machine guns. ^[1] Junaid Khan was also reinforced with some 6,000 local Kurbashi horsemen. ^[1] (other estimates: 700 ^[2] for cavalry. 1500 to 15,000 in total. ^[3] Kozlovskiy says the attack on Khiva came at the end of January by a Basmachi force of 1.500) ^[4] At that time there were only 785 regular troops of the Khorezm Government spreaded in various towns of the republic and only 200 Red Army men in Khiva itself. ^[4]

After deciding to begin a new campaign against the Bolsheviks, the Basmachis came out of the desert, captured several kishlaks and, under the leadership of the former Khanate minister Sadiq Bakalov and Turkmen leader Agadzhi Ishan, organized uprisings in Sadivar, Pitnak and Hazorasp and took Xonqa and began advancing on Khiva. ^[5]

The siege

In early January 1924, Junaid Khan managed to capture several villages ^[6] and on January 19 supported by Khivan merchants and clerics, he took control of the city of Khiva in January 1924 and held it for a month. ^{[7] [8] [9]} Basmachis launched an offensive against the city of Khazarasp and managed to capture it aswell. ^[10] Reports from the Central Asian Bureau described the Khivan government as ineffective and unsupported. ^{[11] [12]} The Turkmen population, seeing it as a foreign authority unable to protect their interests, ignored it entirely and instead took their grievances directly to Moscow’s local officials. ^[13] Junaid Khan's attack in Khiva caused uprisings throughout the country. ^[14]

Soviet response and counteroffensive

The Soviet regime quickly increased its military presence in the area. For the defense of the city, companies of workers and Komsomol detachments were formed, which numbered around 500 people. The despatch of a Red Army cavalry column from Chardzhou towards the end of January. Covering 90 versts a day, the column had its first encounter with Junaid's forces near Sadyvar. But the decisive engagement took place near Pitnyak on 29 January where, after 14 hours of bitter fighting. the Basmachis retreated under cover of darkness leaving about 300 dead and many weapons On the field of battle. ^{[3] [4]} During the fighting, the commander of the garrison, a Hungarian called Angello, was seriously wounded and captured by the Basmachis. Having tortured him, the Basmachis then cut off his head, which they impaled on a stake and put on display for those who defended the fortress. During the defense of Khiva, around 200 Red Armymen were killed or seriously wounded. ^[1] To assist Khiva, several reinforcements arrived: the Turtkul Company of 218 volunteers from the Amu Darya region, the Shurakhan Volunteer Platoon, and a combined detachment from Novo-Urgench consisting of 130 cavalrymen and 45 infantrymen. ^[6] serious battles broke out with the Basmachis of Turkmen leader Agadzhi Ishan, which lasted about two days. Ishan's forces lost and were forced to retreat. ^[6]

After learning that his forces had been defeated at Pitnak, Khazarasp, and Turtkul, Junaid Khan abandoned the siege of Khiva with 1,500-2,000 horsemen to the well of Balykly. ^[4] but was driven from this position after a fierce engage. ment at the end of February. Pursued by cavalry and planes and losing men in battle and through desertion, Junaid retreated further and further into the desert. The Soviet 4th Aktobe Cavalry Regiment was ordered to chase down his retreating troops in west of Kunya-Urgench. On February 26, 1924, the regiment rode deep into the Karakum Desert, following the enemy toward their bases at Charyshli and Orta-Kuyu. ^[1]

Aftermath

Altough Soviet government regained Khiva, It took seven months for the Red Army to expel the rebel force. ^[14] Further developing the offensive, the units of the Red Army were able to virtually destroy the Basmachi forces. and by the end of the year, the Soviet government had driven Junaid Khan and his supporters back into the desert. Junaid continued to launch attacks on Soviet troops and transport until he fled to Iran later to Afghanistan. ^[14] By late spring 1924, all major Basmachi formations within the territory of the Khorezm Republic had been destroyed. ^[10] After the revolt was put down concessions were made to win back the support of the populace. ^{[4] [15]} These concessions included: resumation of socialist construction, with efforts focused on the rapid restoration of agriculture. In March 1924, the Central Executive Committee of the Khorezm Republic passed a law significantly reducing taxes on peasants and small artisans, which had a positive effect on economic development and on shaping the political consciousness of the working population. ^[10]

References

1. Igor Boykov. "How Turkmenistan became Soviet" (in Russian). apn-nn.ru. Archived from the original on 2015-04-05. Retrieved 2019-01-27.
2. Annaorazov, Dzhumadurdy S. (2024). "Действующие лица Гражданской войны в Туркменистане: правда и вымысел о Джунаид-хане" [Actors of the Civil War in Turkmenistan: The Truth and Fiction about Junaid Khan]. Омский научный вестник. Серия «Общество. История. Современность» (in Russian). 9 (1): 70. doi:10.25206/2542-0488-2024-9-1-65-74. К маю 1924 г. у Джунаид-хана было 700 вооруженных всадников.
3. Fraser, Glenda (1987). "Basmachi — II". Central Asian Survey. 6 (2). Routledge: 19. doi:10.1080/02634938708400582.
4. "Central Asian Review". Central Asian Review . 13. London: Central Asian Research Centre: 224. 1965.
5. "Central Asian Review". Central Asian Review . 13. London: Central Asian Research Centre: 223. 1965.
6. Polyakov, Yu. A.; Chugunov, A. I. (1976). Конец басмачества (The End of Basmachism). Moscow: Наука (Nauka). p. 59.
7. de Lageard, Hélène Aymen (1987). "The Revolt of the Basmachi According to Red Army Journals (1920–1922)". Central Asian Survey. 6 (3). Routledge: 32. doi:10.1080/02634938708400590.
8. Olcott, Martha B. (July 1981). "The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan 1918–24". Soviet Studies. 33 (3). Taylor & Francis: 361. JSTOR   151077.
9. Smele, Jonathan D. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 526. ISBN   9781442252813.
10. Polyakov, Yu. A.; Chugunov, A. I. (1976). Конец басмачества (The End of Basmachism). Moscow: Наука (Nauka). p. 60.
11. RGASPI, f. 62, op. 2, d. 97, ll. 28–30; op. 1, d. 20, ll. 45–46.
12. Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2006). Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton University Press. p. 56. ISBN   9780691117751.
13. Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2006). Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton University Press. p. 56. ISBN   9781400844296.
14. Roudik, Peter (2007). The History of the Central Asian Republics. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 111. ISBN   9780313087707.
15. Nepesov G., Iz istorii khorezmskoy revolyutsii. Tashkent, 1962 pp.289-90