In his Systema Naturae of 1758, Carl Linnaeus divided the Order Primates within Mammalia into four genera: Homo , Simia, Lemur , and Vespertilio . His Vespertilio included all bats, and has since been moved from Primates to Chiroptera. [1] Homo contained humans, Lemur contained four lemurs and a colugo, and Simia contained the other Primates. Linnaeus did not think that Homo should form a distinct group from Simia, classifying them separately mainly to avoid conflict with religious authorities.[ citation needed ] If this is taken into account, Simia (including Homo) would be roughly equivalent to the Suborder Haplorhini of the Primates (while Lemur would be roughly equivalent to the Suborder Strepsirrhini).
Homo, Lemur, and Vespertilio have survived as generic names, but Simia has not. All the species have since been moved to other genera, and in 1929, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled in its Opinion 114 that Simia be suppressed. [2] The genus Simias is distinct and remains valid, containing a single species, the pig-tailed langur (Simias concolor).
The original genus Simia came to include these species:
Modern genus | Modern common name | Original scientific name |
---|---|---|
Carlito Groves and Shekelle, 2010 | Philippine tarsier | Simia syrichta Linnaeus, 1758 |
Callithrix Erxleben, 1777 | Silvery marmoset | Simia argentata Linnaeus, 1771 |
Common marmoset | Simia jacchus Linnaeus, 1758 | |
Leontopithecus Lesson, 1840 | Golden lion tamarin | Simia rosalia Linnaeus, 1766 |
Saguinus Hoffmannsegg, 1807 | Brown-mantled tamarin | Simia leonina Humboldt, 1806 [3] |
Red-handed tamarin | Simia midas Linnaeus, 1758 | |
Cotton-top tamarin | Simia oedipus Linnaeus, 1758 | |
Cebus Erxleben, 1777 | White-fronted capuchin | Simia albifrons Humboldt, 1812 |
White-headed capuchin | Simia capucina Linnaeus, 1758 | |
Tufted capuchin | Simia apella Linnaeus, 1758 | |
Simia fatuellus Linnaeus, 1766 | ||
Saimiri Voigt, 1831 | Common squirrel monkey | Simia sciurea Linnaeus, 1758 |
Alouatta Lacépède, 1799 | Red-handed howler | Simia belzebul Linnaeus, 1766 |
Venezuelan red howler | Simia seniculus Linnaeus, 1766 | |
Ateles É. Geoffroy, 1806 | Red-faced spider monkey | Simia paniscus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Lagothrix É. Geoffroy, 1812 | Brown woolly monkey | Simia lagotricha Humboldt, 1812 |
Pithecia Desmarest, 1804 | White-faced saki | Simia pithecia Linnaeus, 1766 |
Chiropotes Lesson, 1840 | Black bearded saki | Simia chiropotes Humboldt, 1812 |
Callicebus Thomas, 1903 | Black titi | Simia lugens Humboldt, 1812? |
Atlantic titi | Simia personatus É. Geoffroy, 1812 | |
Chlorocebus Gray, 1870 | Grivet | Simia aethiops Linnaeus, 1758 |
Green monkey | Simia sabacea Linnaeus, 1766 | |
Cercopithecus Linnaeus, 1758 (named as a subsection of Simia) | Moustached guenon | Simia cephus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Diana monkey | Simia diana Linnaeus, 1758 | |
Simia faunus Linnaeus, 1758 | ||
Greater spot-nosed monkey | Simia nictitans Linnaeus, 1766 | |
Macaca Lacépède, 1799 | Crab-eating macaque | Simia aygula Linnaeus, 1758 |
Barbary macaque | ?Simia cynamolgos Linnaeus, 1758 | |
?Simia cynomolgus Linnaeus, 1766 | ||
Simia inuus Linnaeus, 1766 | ||
Simia sylvanus Linnaeus, 1758 | ||
Southern pig-tailed macaque | Simia nemestrina Linnaeus, 1766 | |
Lion-tailed macaque | Simia silenus Linnaeus, 1758 | |
Toque macaque | Simia sinica Linnaeus, 1771 | |
Papio Erxleben, 1777 | Hamadryas baboon | Simia hamadryas Linnaeus, 1758 |
Yellow baboon | Simia cynocephalus Linnaeus, 1766 | |
Mandrillus Ritgen, 1824 | Mandrill | Simia sphinx Linnaeus, 1758 |
Simia maimon Linnaeus, 1766 | ||
Pygathrix É. Geoffroy, 1812 | Red-shanked douc | Simia nemaeus Linnaeus, 1771 |
Pongo Lacépède, 1799 | Bornean orangutan | Simia pygmaeus Linnaeus, 1760 |
Simia satyrus Linnaeus, 1758 | ||
Pan Oken, 1816 | Common chimpanzee | Simia satyrus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Simia troglodytes Blumenbach, 1775 | ||
(unknown) | Simia apedia Linnaeus, 1758 | |
Simia morta Linnaeus, 1758 | ||
Simia trepida Linnaeus, 1766 | ||
Simia veter Linnaeus, 1766 |
Carl Linnaeus, also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné, was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the "father of modern taxonomy". Many of his writings were in Latin; his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus and, after his 1761 ennoblement, as Carolus a Linné.
Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts:
In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature, also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name, a binomen, binominal name, or a scientific name; more informally it is also historically called a Latin name. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), the system is also called binominal nomenclature, with an "n" before the "al" in "binominal", which is not a typographic error, meaning "two-name naming system".
Order is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes. An immediately higher rank, superorder, is sometimes added directly above order, with suborder directly beneath order. An order can also be defined as a group of related families.
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals. It is also informally known as the ICZN Code, for its publisher, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. The rules principally regulate:
Orioles are colourful Old World passerine birds in the genus Oriolus, the type genus of the corvoidean family Oriolidae. They are not closely related to the New World orioles, which are icterids that belong to the superfamily Passeroidea.
Junglefowl are the only four living species of bird from the genus Gallus in the bird order Galliformes, and occur in parts of South and Southeast Asia. One of the species in this genus, the red junglefowl, is of historical importance as the direct ancestor of the domestic chicken, although the grey junglefowl, Sri Lankan junglefowl and green junglefowl are likely to have also been involved. The Sri Lankan junglefowl is the national bird of Sri Lanka. They diverged from their common ancestor about 4–6 million years ago. Although originating in Asia, remains of junglefowl bones have also been found in regions of Chile, which date back to 1321–1407 CE, providing evidence of possible Polynesian migration through the Pacific Ocean.
The curlews are a group of nine species of birds in the genus Numenius, characterised by their long, slender, downcurved bills and mottled brown plumage. The English name is imitative of the Eurasian curlew's call, but may have been influenced by the Old French corliu, "messenger", from courir , "to run". It was first recorded in 1377 in Langland's Piers Plowman "Fissch to lyue in þe flode..Þe corlue by kynde of þe eyre". In Europe, "curlew" usually refers to one species, the Eurasian curlew.
In biology, a type is a particular specimen of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally associated. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes the defining features of that particular taxon. In older usage, a type was a taxon rather than a specimen.
Systema Naturae is one of the major works of the Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) and introduced the Linnaean taxonomy. Although the system, now known as binomial nomenclature, was partially developed by the Bauhin brothers, Gaspard and Johann, Linnaeus was the first to use it consistently throughout his book. The first edition was published in 1735. The full title of the 10th edition (1758), which was the most important one, was Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, which appeared in English in 1806 with the title: "A General System of Nature, Through the Three Grand Kingdoms of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, Systematically Divided Into their Several Classes, Orders, Genera, Species, and Varieties, with their Habitations, Manners, Economy, Structure and Peculiarities".
The genus Paradisaea consists of six species of birds-of-paradise. The genus is found on the island of New Guinea as well as the nearby islands groups of the Aru Islands, D'Entrecasteaux Islands and Raja Ampat Islands. The species inhabit a range of forest types from sea level to mid-montane forests. Several species have highly restricted distributions, and all species have disjunct distributions. A 2009 study examining the mitochondrial DNA of the family found that the Paradisaea birds-of-paradise were in a clade with the genus Cicinnurus. It showed that the blue bird-of-paradise was a sister taxon to all the other species in this genus.
The genus Cathartes includes medium-sized to large carrion-feeding birds in the New World vulture (Cathartidae) family. The three extant species currently classified in this genus occur widely in the Americas. There is one extinct species known from the Quaternary of Cuba.
Anthropomorpha is a defunct taxon, replaced by Primates.
The 10th edition of Systema Naturae is a book written by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus and published in two volumes in 1758 and 1759, which marks the starting point of zoological nomenclature. In it, Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature for animals, something he had already done for plants in his 1753 publication of Species Plantarum.
The Mammalia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae forms one of six classes of animals in Carl Linnaeus's tenth reformed edition written in Latin. The following explanations are based on William Turton's translations who rearranged and corrected earlier editions published by Johann Friedrich Gmelin, Johan Christian Fabricius and Carl Ludwig Willdenow:
Animals that suckle their young by means of lactiferous teats. In external and internal structure they resemble man: most of them are quadrupeds; and with man, their natural enemy, inhabit the surface of the Earth. The largest, though fewest in number, inhabit the ocean.
In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, published in 1758, the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus described 554 species of bird and gave each a binomial name.
Tethys is a genus of sea slugs, nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Tethydidae.
Lemurs were first classified in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus, and the taxonomy remains controversial today, with approximately 70 to 100 species and subspecies recognized, depending on how the term "species" is defined. Having undergone their own independent evolution on Madagascar, lemurs have diversified to fill many ecological niches normally filled by other types of mammals. They include the smallest primates in the world, and once included some of the largest. Since the arrival of humans approximately 2,000 years ago, lemurs have become restricted to 10% of the island, or approximately 60,000 square kilometers (23,000 sq mi), and many face extinction. Concerns over lemur conservation have affected lemur taxonomy, since distinct species receive increased conservation attention compared to subspecies.
The 12th edition of Systema Naturae was the last edition of Systema Naturae to be overseen by its author, Carl Linnaeus. It was published by Laurentius Salvius in Holmia (Stockholm) in three volumes, with parts appearing from 1766 to 1768. It contains many species not covered in the previous edition, the 10th edition which was the starting point for zoological nomenclature.
Papilio ajaxLinnaeus, 1758 is a scientific name given in 1758 by Linnaeus to what later appeared to be a combination of three species of butterflies. The name was placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology in 1954 after an application to that matter was submitted by Steven Corbet in 1945. The name no longer has a status as a scientific name, except in cases of homonymy; according to the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature the name Papilio ajax can no longer be given to any species.