Skagerrak (power transmission system)

Last updated
Skagerrak
SLD skagerrak 3 and 4 png.png
single line diagram of pole skagerrak 3 and 4 from HVDC station Cross-Skagerrak
Skagerrak (power transmission system)
Map of Skagerrak
Location
Country Norway
Denmark
Coordinates 58°15′36″N7°53′55″E / 58.26000°N 7.89861°E / 58.26000; 7.89861 (Kristiansand Static Inverter Plant)
56°28′44″N9°34′1″E / 56.47889°N 9.56694°E / 56.47889; 9.56694 (Tjele Static Inverter Plant)
General directionnorth–south–north
From Kristiansand (Norway)
Passes through Skagerrak
To Tjele (Denmark)
Ownership information
Owner Statnett
Energinet
Construction information
Manufacturer of conductor/cable Alcatel
Nexans
Prysmian
Manufacturer of substations ABB
Commissioned1977
Technical information
Type of current HVDC
Total length240 km (150 mi)
Power rating1,632 MW (Skagerrak 1–4)
No. of poles4

Skagerrak is the name of a 1,700 MW high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission facility between Tjele (Denmark) and Kristiansand (Norway). It is owned and operated by Statnett in Norway, and Energinet in Denmark. [1] The lines connect the hydroelectric-based Norwegian grid and the wind and thermal power-based Danish grid. In operation it enables more renewable energy in the energy mix, and more efficient use of electricity. [2]

Contents

Technical features

The 240-kilometre (150 mi) Skagerrak 1–3 scheme consists of a 113-kilometre (70 mi) overhead line and a 127-kilometre (79 mi) underwater cable. [1] It has a capacity of 1,050 megawatts (MW). Both land parts in Denmark and in Norway uses overhead lines from the cable landing point to the converter stations. [3] The overhead lines in Denmark are set to be renovated in 2016 for increased lifespan. [4] The towers were originally constructed for four poles, but were rebuilt for three conductors (three poles) when Skagerrak 3 was established. Near Aggersund HVDC Skagerrak crossed Aggersund strait overhead on 70-metre-tall (230 ft) towers with a 470-metre-long (1,540 ft) span, but were later converted to underground cables. The pylons of this span were the tallest electricity pylons of an HVDC line in Europe.

For such a long submarine cable, an AC transmission scheme would not be feasible since too much of the cable's capacity would be consumed by the capacitance of the cable itself, and the power systems in Norway and Jutland are not synchronous.

The transmission has a loss rate of 4%. [5]

The waste heat of the transformers is enough to supply district heating economically for 1,000 homes in nearby towns, but taxes prevent that project. [6] The adjacent Apple Datacenter (supplied in part by the Skagerrak cables via Tjele) was expected to work around the tax issue when supplying district heat to Viborg. [7]

Skagerrak 1 and 2

Skagerrak went in service in 1977 as a bipolar HVDC scheme. This facility was built with thyristor valves. When installed this underwater cable was the world's longest and deepest underwater HVDC power cable. The cable, manufactured by Alcatel, is laid in a maximum water depth of 530 metres (1,740 ft). [8]

Both cables have a capacity of 250 MW at 250 kV. [1]

Skagerrak 3

In 1993 the scheme was extended by HVDC Skagerrak 3. Skagerrak 3 is a monopolar line for a voltage of 350 kV with a capacity of 440 MW at 350 kV. [1] In installing Skagerrak 3, the old poles Skagerrak 1 and Skagerrak 2 were converted to monopolar HVDC schemes, which run with opposite polarity to Skagerrak 3. [3] In 1999, the full 1,000 MW capacity was reserved by large power companies. [9]

Skagerrak 4

In November 2009, Statnett and Energinet.dk signed the agreement to construct Skagerrak 4. [10] [11] The capacity of Skagerrak 4 is approximately 700 MW with a DC voltage of 500 kV. [12] It had been in a test phase since 1 October 2014 and became operational at the end of 2014, when strong winds created negative prices despite the new connection. [13] It was officially inaugurated by Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark and Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway on 12 March 2015. [14] As for the existing Skagerrak 1-3, the grid connection points are Kristiansand and Tjele. Differently from Skagerrak 1–3, for Skagerrak 4 a cable solution is chosen for the complete route length. [1] The 300 million DKK Prysmian land cable on the Danish side is approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi), while the 137 kilometres (85 mi) subsea cable and the 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) Norwegian land cable is to be made by Nexans for 638 million DKK. [15] Converter stations were built by ABB, as for Skagerrak 1–3. [16] The combined budget is 2.8-3.2 billion DKK. [15] [17]

The technology used was VSC, capable of black start. Although thyristor-based converters have a loss of only 0.7%, the IGBTs of VSC get close with a loss of 0.8 to 1%. Skagerrak 1 and 2 previously used Skagerrak 3 as a return cable, but 1 and 2 were again coupled so that Skagerrak 4 can use number 3 for returns. [18] The cable also supplies 110 MW of reserve power. [19] Some of the 24 fiber pairs may be rented for business by telecommunications companies. [20]

Sites

SiteCoordinates
Tjele HVDC Static Inverter 56°28′44″N9°34′1″E / 56.47889°N 9.56694°E / 56.47889; 9.56694 (Tjele Static Inverter Plant)
Denmark Overhead Electrode Line Terminal 56°37′16″N9°28′32″E / 56.62111°N 9.47556°E / 56.62111; 9.47556 (Denmark Overhead Electrode Line Terminal)
Aggersund Crossing Tower South 57°0′0″N9°18′7″E / 57.00000°N 9.30194°E / 57.00000; 9.30194 (Aggersund Crossing Tower South)
Aggersund Crossing Tower North 57°0′12″N9°17′50″E / 57.00333°N 9.29722°E / 57.00333; 9.29722 (Aggersund Crossing Tower North)
Danish Cable Terminal 57°7′34″N9°3′58″E / 57.12611°N 9.06611°E / 57.12611; 9.06611 (Danish Cable Terminal)
Norway Cable Terminal 58°7′45″N8°10′3″E / 58.12917°N 8.16750°E / 58.12917; 8.16750 (Norway Cable Terminal)
Norway Electrode Line Terminal 58°10′02″N8°15′56″E / 58.16722°N 8.26556°E / 58.16722; 8.26556 (Norway Electrode Line Terminal)
Norway Electrode Line Branch 58°11′10″N8°9′24″E / 58.18611°N 8.15667°E / 58.18611; 8.15667 (Norway Electrode Line Branch)
Kristiansand HVDC Static Inverter 58°15′36″N7°53′55″E / 58.26000°N 7.89861°E / 58.26000; 7.89861 (Kristiansand Static Inverter Plant)

Waypoints

List of waypoints
Overhead line in Denmark
Underground cable in Denmark
Overhead line in Norway
Electrode line in Norway

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">High-voltage direct current</span> Electric power transmission system

A high-voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission system uses direct current (DC) for electric power transmission, in contrast with the more common alternating current (AC) transmission systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kontek</span> HVDC connector between Germany and Denmark

The Kontek HVDC is a 170-kilometre (110 mi) long, monopolar 400 kV high-voltage direct current cable between Germany and the Danish island Zealand. Its name comes from "continent" and the name of the former Danish power transmission company "Elkraft", which operated the power grid on the Danish islands Lolland, Falster and Zealand and had the abbreviation "ek". As of today, the cable is operated by Energinet.dk in Denmark and 50Hertz Transmission GmbH in Germany.

HVDC Leyte–Luzon is a high-voltage direct current transmission link in the Philippines between geothermal power plants on the islands of Leyte and Luzon.

NorNed is a 580-kilometre (360 mi) long high-voltage direct current submarine power cable between Feda, Norway and the seaport of Eemshaven in the Netherlands, which interconnects both countries' electrical grids. It was once the longest submarine power cable in the world. Budgeted at €550 million, and completed at a cost of €600m, the NorNed cable is a bipolar HVDC link with a voltage of ±450 kV and a capacity of 700 MW. NorNed is a joint project of the Norwegian transmission system operator Statnett and its Dutch counterpart TenneT. The cable system itself and the two converter stations were produced by ABB.

Directlink (Terranora)Interconnector is a mixed buried and above ground 59 kilometre (37 mi) High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) electricity transmission cable route from near Lavertys Gap (28°34′15″S153°27′8″E), 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) Southwest of Mullumbimby, New South Wales and Bungalora (28°15′20″S153°28′20″E) & connected via a 3.5 km (2.2 mi) AC Overhead Transmission Line to the NorthEast to the Terranora Electrical Substation (28°14′28.3″S153°30′12.7″E) @ Terranora, New South Wales in Eastern Australia. The DC cables alternate between above ground in a galvanised steel trough and below ground with depths up to 1 metre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Submarine power cable</span> Transoceanic electric power line placed on the seabed

A submarine power cable is a transmission cable for carrying electric power below the surface of the water. These are called "submarine" because they usually carry electric power beneath salt water but it is also possible to use submarine power cables beneath fresh water. Examples of the latter exist that connect the mainland with large islands in the St. Lawrence River.

Statnett is a Norwegian state owned enterprise responsible for owning, operating and constructing the stem power grid in Norway. The company has its headquarters in Oslo, Norway.

NordLink is a subsea 1,400 megawatt (MW) HVDC power cable between Norway and Germany, opened in May 2021. The over 500 kilometres (310 mi) long cable operates at a voltage of 500 kV DC.

TenneT is a transmission system operator in the Netherlands and in a large part of Germany.

The Great Belt power link, also known as the Great Belt electricity link, is a high-voltage direct-current interconnection across the Great Belt between Funen and Zealand connecting two power transmission systems in Denmark.

NorGer was one of two planned electricity cables between Germany and Norway. The other proposed project was NordLink, which Statnett decided to proceed with in 2015, and NorGer was cancelled.

BritNed is a 1,000 MW high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) submarine power cable between the Isle of Grain in Kent, the United Kingdom; and Maasvlakte in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

SydVästlänken is a project for reinforcement of power grids in Southern Sweden and Oslo area in Norway. The project to be implemented by Swedish and Norwegian national grids operators Svenska kraftnät and Statnett.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Sea Link</span> Subsea electricity transmission line

The North Sea Link is a 1,400 MW high-voltage direct current submarine power cable between Norway and the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electricity sector in Denmark</span> Overview of the electricity sector in Denmark

Denmark's western electrical grid is part of the Synchronous grid of Continental Europe whereas the eastern part is connected to the Synchronous grid of Northern Europe via Sweden.

The NorthConnect was a proposed 650 km (400-mile) 1,400 MW HVDC interconnector over the floor of the North Sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Viking Link</span> Submarine power cable between the UK and Denmark

Viking Link is a 1,400 MW HVDC submarine power cable between the United Kingdom and Denmark, which was completed in 2023. As of 2024, it is the longest land and subsea HVDC interconnector in the world. The project is a cooperation between British National Grid and Danish Energinet.

Kriegers Flak is a 605 MW offshore wind farm in the Baltic Sea on the Danish part of the reef of the same name. It forms part of a new 400 MW interconnector between Denmark and Germany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kassø-Tjele high-voltage transmission line</span> High-voltage transmission line in Denmark

The Kassø-Tjele high-voltage transmission line is a 400 kV high-voltage transmission line in Denmark from Transformer Station Kassø by Kassø west of Aabenraa to HVDC converter station Tjele by Foulum east of Viborg. Along the way, it passes the Coupling Station Revsing by Vejen and Station Askær by Brande. The transmission line is a total of 174 km long and is operated by Energinet, which describes it as the backbone of the Jutland-Funen electricity transmission network.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Skagerrak". ABB. Archived from the original on 2016-01-20. Retrieved 2015-09-09.
  2. ↑ "Skagerrak | References | ABB". new.abb.com. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02.
  3. 1 2 "The Skagerrak HVDC Scheme". Bonneville Power Administration. Archived from the original on 2005-08-02. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
  4. ↑ "Renovering af HVDC forbindelsen Bulbjerg-Tjele" [Renovation of the HVDC connection Bulbjerg-Tjele]. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-01-26.
  5. ↑ "Norske kabler mister fire prosent av kraften på vei til Danmark" [Norwegian cables lose four percent of their power on their way to Denmark]. Teknisk Ukeblad . 25 March 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  6. ↑ "#mensviventer blæses spildvarme ud til fuglene" [while we wait, waste heat is blown out to the birds]. 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  7. ↑ Daniel McClane (30 July 2015). "Apple fik rådgivning af den danske stat til at betale mindre skat" [Apple was advised by the Danish state to pay less tax]. Version2 .
  8. ↑ "Submarine power cable to connect Jordan, Egypt". PowerGen Worldwide. PennWell Corporation. 1995-01-01. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
  9. ↑ Herse, Erik (18 December 1998). "Rationering af el på vej" [Rationing of electricity on the way]. Ingeniøren (in Danish).
  10. ↑ "Kommersiell drift av SK4 utsatt" [Commercial operation of SK4 postponed]. Statnett. 15 December 2014.
  11. ↑ "Demark, Norway to build fourth interconnector". PowerGen Worldwide. PennWell Corporation. 2009-12-09. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
  12. ↑ "Skagerrak - An excellent example of the benefits that can be achieved through interconnections". new.abb.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-20.
  13. ↑ Bredsdorff, Magnus. Nytårsblæsevejr: Vindmølleejere betaler for at producere strøm (in Danish) tr. New Year's windy weather: Wind turbine owners pay to produce electricity Ing.dk , 2 January 2015. Accessed: 2 January 2015.
  14. ↑ Lind, Anton. "600 kilometer søkabel skal føre strøm mellem Norge og Danmark" tr. 600 kilometers of submarine cable will carry electricity between Norway and Denmark Danmarks Radio , 12 March 2015. Accessed: 13 March 2015.
  15. 1 2 Mikkelsen, Søren Damsgaard. Billion kroner cables Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine Energinet.dk , 7 January 2011. Accessed: 9 January 2011.
  16. ↑ "ABB wins $180m order for Norway-Denmark power transmission link". PowerGen Worldwide. PennWell Corporation. 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
  17. ↑ 130 mio. euro for new technology on Skagerrak 4 Archived 2011-02-16 at the Wayback Machine Energinet.dk , 10 February 2011. Accessed: 29 November 2011.
  18. ↑ Godske, Bjørn. New cable to Norway secures grid against faults Archived 2012-10-20 at the Wayback Machine (in Danish) Ing.dk , 11 February 2011. Accessed: 11 February 2011.
  19. ↑ Offentliggørelse af priser for systemydelser på SK4 tr. Publication of prices for system services on SK4 Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Energinet.dk , 1 December 2014. Accessed: 25 February 2016.
  20. ↑ Zachariassen, Espen. "Statnett bør pålegges å legge fiber i utenlandskablene" tr. Statnett should be ordered to lay fiber in the foreign cables Teknisk Ukeblad , 23 October 2013. Accessed: 12 January 2015.
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.