Souleymane Mboup

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Souleymane Mboup
Souleymane Mboup on Dakaractu TV.jpg
Mboup interviewed about COVID-19 in 2020
Born1951 (age 72–73)
Senegal
Other namesSouleymane M'boup
Occupation(s)Microbiologist, virologist, and researcher
Years active1976 to present
Known forDiscovered and characterized HIV-2

Souleymane Mboup (born 1951) is a Senegalese microbiologist, medical researcher, and colonel in the Armed Forces of Senegal. In 1985, he was a member of the first team to identify HIV-2, [1] a form of HIV that is typically found in West Africa and is less transmissible than the more common HIV-1. [2] Mboup has contributed to the improvement of Senegal's research infrastructure throughout his career. Among his published works, he is known for editing the 1994 reference book AIDS in Africa. Mboup is currently the President of L'Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formations (IRESSEF) in Diamniadio, Senegal. [3]

Contents

Education

Mboup earned a PharmD degree from the University of Dakar in 1976 and a MS in Immunology from the Pasteur Institute in 1981. In 1983, he received a PhD in Bacteriology Virology from Université de Tours. [4]

Career

Early career

After completing his PhD, Mboup returned to the University of Dakar's School of Medicine and Pharmacy as a professor of microbiology. [5] Mboup focused his research on Dakar's sex workers and the sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) they contracted. He undertook this research in his laboratory at the University of Dakar. [6]

Identifying HIV-2

Phylogenetic tree of the SIV and HIV viruses, including HIV-2 HIV-SIV-phylogenetic-tree1.svg
Phylogenetic tree of the SIV and HIV viruses, including HIV-2

In 1985, only two years after finishing schooling, Mboup's research of Dakar's sex workers led to a breakthrough discovery of a new type of HIV. Mboup's original collection of blood samples from Senegalese sex workers, when tested by Harvard School of Public Health's Phyllis Kanki, showed a closer relation to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus than the known HIV-1. [6] Mboup subsequently collected new samples from the same women and transported the 30 vials of blood to the United States. [5]

Mboup's lab at the time was ill-equipped for further research of the samples and employed only two technicians, so Mboup worked at Professor Max Essex's lab at Harvard University. Mboup's collaboration with his team and Max Essex's team led to the discovery of HIV-2, a serologically different type of HIV. [6] The subsequent study and published report collected samples from 289 sex workers in Dakar, the capital of Senegal. Prior to the release of the study, HIV was not considered widespread in Senegal. [7] Mboup, along with Max Essex, Phyllis Kanki, and a French colleague, presented their identification of a new type of HIV in November 1985 at the International Symposium on African AIDS in Brussels, Belgium. [8]

Collaboration on HIV-2

Origins

Though Mboup and his team had discovered evidence of a second immunodeficiency virus in 1985, the virus was not yet isolated or known as HIV-2. [9] After Mboup's 1985 study, a collaboration emerged to further research this new type of virus and its affects. Mboup's team at the University of Dakar along with Harvard University, and two other French universities formed the collaboration. The goal of the institutions working together was to create a research team that was equal in its contributions. Though Mboup's laboratory was not as funded or technically advanced as Harvard University at the time, Mboup emphasized the need for an equal partnership to ensure the collaboration did not become detached from Senegal and West Africa and would instead bring research infrastructure and opportunities to Senegal. [6]

Further understanding of HIV-2

After the initial identification of a new type of HIV, Mboup and his team, along with the newly formed consortium, focused their research in Dakar. The goal of continued research between the collaborators was to understand the nature of this new type of HIV. Mboup and his collaborators focused on researching sex workers in Dakar over time, as this is the initial population HIV-2 had infected. As research capacity grew, Dakar's STD clinics and the sex workers who were treated at the clinics became an avenue for the team to test and track the progression and prevalence of the virus. Over time, the number of subjects involved in the consortium's research grew to include a few thousand women. [6] The success of working at STD clinics and tracking sex workers was made possible by Senegal's laws surrounding sex work. Sex work was legalized in Senegal in 1969 and all sex workers are required to register their profession with the government and receive regular medical check ups and tests for STDs. [10] Mboup's research with his collaborators from 1985 to 1993 led to the conclusion that HIV-2 is less virulent than HIV-1. This study was published in Science, an academic journal, in September 1994. [11] Though Mboup is not attributed as an author of this study, he was a collaborator. [8] Further studies through the collaboration also revealed that HIV-2 is less transmittable than HIV-1 and that women infected with HIV-2 are less likely to contract HIV-1 than those not infected. Mboup's collaboration on HIV studying Senegalese sex workers lasted over 25 years. Data collected during the collaboration not only furthered understanding of HIV, but are also used today to inform research on other infectious diseases in West Africa. [6]

L'Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formations (IRESSEF)

In 2017, Mboup founded IRESSEF, a public research institution. IRESSEF was founded to provide cutting-edge research and training in Senegal and to position Africans among some of the world's best researchers. The organization conducts epidemiological studies and trainings with the goal of providing accessible healthcare and developing understanding of diseases in Africa. IRESSEF collaborates with the Senegalese government, other institutes and governmental organizations across Africa, and Western institutions. Recent projects include research on HIV, Ebola, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. [3]

Contributions to research infrastructure in Senegal

Over the course of Mboup's work on HIV-2, he prioritized increasing Senegal's research infrastructure and capabilities. In 1985, Mboup's lab only had 2 lab technicians and lacked properly functioning equipment. He was a leader in the research collaboration on HIV between the University of Dakar, Harvard University, and two other French universities. As a leader, he ensured that adequate resources were invested into Senegal's research infrastructure, as Senegal was the location of the collaboration's studies. [6] Throughout the collaboration, Mboup worked closely with Phyllis Kanki, from Harvard University, who helped inform and develop Mboup's and other Senegalese labs' capabilities and methods to cut costs. Eventually, Mboup's lab, the Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology at Le Dantec Hospital, grew to become one of the most well-equipped diagnostic labs in Africa, with a staff of more than 40 as of 1995. [8]

Affiliations

In addition to his position with Dakar University, Mboup has held positions in numerous organizations throughout his career. Mboup was the Senegalese coordinator for the Inter-University Convention for Research on Human Viruses and Related Diseases. Meetings for this convention occurred in December 1986 and December 1987. Participants included Harvard University, University of Dakar, University of Tours, and University of Limonges. [12] Mboup served as a consultant to the World Health Organization in 1987 when he was sent to Benin to conduct epidemiological research on HIV. [8] In 1991, Mboup chaired the Sixth International Conference on AIDS in Africa. This conference consisted of over 2,000 researchers from around Africa and took place in Dakar, Senegal. [8] In 1998, Mboup became the leader of the Senegalese AIDS Care Team at Harvard's AIDS Institute Enhancing Care Initiative. [13] This initiative lasted for 5 years. [14] Mboup oversaw some of Senegal's public policy initiatives to combat HIV and AIDS in the country as the leader of Senegal's AIDS Sentinel Surveillance Programme and Senegal's National AIDS Programme. Mboup has also served as president of the African AIDS' Research Network [15] and is a former representative for Africa on the International AIDS Society's Governing Council. [16]

Armed Forces of Senegal

Mboup attended the Senegalese Military Health Training Academy and eventually rose to the rank of Colonel in the Armed Forces of Senegal. [17] Before his retirement from the Armed Forces, Mboup served in the Civil-Military Alliance Against HIV/AIDS as a coordinator for Africa. [15]

Notable works

Mboup has written or co-written over 200 publications and 18 books. [17] Notable works associated with Mboup's research on HIV include:

Awards

Ribbon bar of the Senegalese Order of Merit - Grand Cross Order of Merit - Grand Cross (Senegal) - ribbon bar.png
Ribbon bar of the Senegalese Order of Merit - Grand Cross
Ribbon bar of the Senegalese Order of the Lion - Knight SEN Order of the Lion - Knight BAR.png
Ribbon bar of the Senegalese Order of the Lion - Knight
Ribbon bar of the Senegalese Order of Academic Palms - Knight Palmes academiques - Chevalier (Senegal) - ribbon bar.gif
Ribbon bar of the Senegalese Order of Academic Palms - Knight

Mboup has received global recognition for his research and work. [17] Notable awards include:

Mboup has been awarded numerous National Orders in Senegal, which are some of the highest national honors for outstanding contributions to the country. In 2019, Mboup was raised to the rank of Grand Cross in Senegal's Order of Merit. This is the highest rank one can receive in the Order of Merit. [22] He also holds the rank of Knight of the Order of Academic Palms and Knight of the National Order of the Lion. [23]

Related Research Articles

The Duesberg hypothesis is the claim that AIDS is not caused by HIV, but instead that AIDS is caused by noninfectious factors such as recreational and pharmaceutical drug use and that HIV is merely a harmless passenger virus. The hypothesis was popularized by Peter Duesberg, a professor of biology at University of California, Berkeley, from whom the hypothesis gets its name. The scientific consensus is that the Duesberg hypothesis is incorrect and that HIV is the cause of AIDS. The most prominent supporters of the hypothesis are Duesberg himself, biochemist and vitamin proponent David Rasnick, and journalist Celia Farber. The scientific community generally contends that Duesberg's arguments in favor of the hypothesis are the result of cherry-picking predominantly outdated scientific data and selectively ignoring evidence that demonstrates HIV's role in causing AIDS.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HIV/AIDS in Africa</span>

HIV/AIDS originated in the early 20th century and has become a major public health concern and cause of death in many countries. AIDS rates vary significantly between countries, with the majority of cases concentrated in Southern Africa. Although the continent is home to about 15.2 percent of the world's population, more than two-thirds of the total population infected worldwide – approximately 35 million people – were Africans, of whom around 1 million have already died. Eastern and Southern Africa alone accounted for an estimate of 60 percent of all people living with HIV and 100 percent of all AIDS deaths in 2011. The countries of Eastern and Southern Africa are most affected, leading to raised death rates and lowered life expectancy among adults between the ages of 20 and 49 by about twenty years. Furthermore, life expectancy in many parts of Africa is declining, largely as a result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, with life-expectancy in some countries reaching as low as thirty-nine years.

This is a list of AIDS-related topics, many of which were originally taken from the public domain U.S. Department of Health Glossary of HIV/AIDS-Related Terms, 4th Edition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cheikh Anta Diop University</span> Public university in Dakar, Senegal

Cheikh Anta Diop University, also known as the Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, is a university in Dakar, Senegal. It is named after the Senegalese physicist, historian and anthropologist Cheikh Anta Diop and has an enrollment of over 60,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of HIV/AIDS</span>

AIDS is caused by a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which originated in non-human primates in Central and West Africa. While various sub-groups of the virus acquired human infectivity at different times, the present pandemic had its origins in the emergence of one specific strain – HIV-1 subgroup M – in Léopoldville in the Belgian Congo in the 1920s.

Following infection with HIV-1, the rate of clinical disease progression varies between individuals. Factors such as host susceptibility, genetics and immune function, health care and co-infections as well as viral genetic variability may affect the rate of progression to the point of needing to take medication in order not to develop AIDS.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">HIV/AIDS</span> Spectrum of conditions caused by HIV infection

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The National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), formerly the National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHSTP) is a part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and is responsible for public health surveillance, prevention research, and programs to prevent and control human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis (TB). Center staff work in collaboration with governmental and nongovernmental partners at community, State, national, and international levels, applying well-integrated multidisciplinary programs of research, surveillance, technical assistance, and evaluation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HIV/AIDS in Asia</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rudi Pauwels</span> Belgian pharmacologist and entrepreneur

Rudi Pauwels is a Belgian pharmacologist and biotech entrepreneur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Max Essex</span> American virologist (born 1939)

Myron Elmer "Max" Essex is the Mary Woodard Lasker Professor of Health Sciences, emeritus in the department of immunology and infectious diseases at Harvard University, chair of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health AIDS Initiative (HAI) in the department of immunology and infectious diseases, and chair of the Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute in Gaborone, Botswana. Essex was one of the first to link animal and human retroviruses to immunosuppressive disease, to suspect that a retrovirus was the cause of AIDS, and to determine that HIV could be transmitted through blood and blood products to hemophiliacs and recipients of blood transfusions. With collaborators, Essex also provided the first evidence that HIV could be transmitted by heterosexual intercourse.

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Although Senegal is a relatively underdeveloped country, HIV prevalence in the general population is low at around 0.08 per 1000 people, under 1% of the population. This relatively low prevalence rate is aided by the fact that few people are infected every year – in 2016, 1100 new cases were reported vs 48,000 new cases in Brazil. Senegal's death due to HIV rate, particularly when compared it to its HIV prevalence rate, is relatively high with 1600 deaths in 2016. Almost two times as many women were infected with HIV as men in 2016, and while almost three times as many women were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ARV) as men, only 52% of HIV positive people in Senegal received ARV treatment in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Safiatou Thiam</span>

Safiatou Thiam is a Senegalese public health doctor, a specialist in HIV/AIDS and former Minister of Health and Disease Prevention in the government of Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré.She later became Executive Secretary of CNLS National Council against AIDS

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References

  1. ↑ Piot, Peter. No Time to Lose: A Life in Pursuit of Deadly Viruses. United Kingdom, W. W. Norton, 2012, p. 172.
  2. ↑ Campbell-Yesufu, Omobolaji T, and Rajesh T Gandhi. “Update on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2 infection.” Clinical Infectious Diseases vol. 52,6 (2011): 780-7. doi : 10.1093/cid/ciq248
  3. 1 2 "Présentation Iressef". Iressef (in French). Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  4. ↑ "Professor Souleymane MBOUP – Global Research and Advocacy Group" (in French). Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  5. 1 2 "Souleymane Mboup: le scientifique sénégalais premier à découvrir le VIH-2". Afrotribune (in French). 12 May 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Boston, 677 Huntington Avenue; Ma 02115 +1495-1000 (29 June 2018). "The Senegal Sex Workers Study". Harvard AIDS Initiative. Retrieved 12 June 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. 1 2 Barin, F et al. “Serological evidence for virus related to simian T-lymphotropic retrovirus III in residents of west Africa.” Lancet vol. 2,8469-70 (1985): 1387-9. doi : 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92556-5
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Wanene, Wilson (January–February 1995). "Pioneering Africa's Research" (PDF). Africa Report. pp. 45–47.
  9. ↑ Clavel F, Guétard D, Brun-Vézinet F, et al. Isolation of a new human retrovirus from West African patients with AIDS. Science. 1986;233(4761):343‐346. doi : 10.1126/science.2425430
  10. ↑ Mgbako, Chi; Smith, Laura (2011). "Sex Work and Human Rights in Africa". Fordham International Law Journal. 33 (4): 1212–1215.
  11. ↑ Marlink, R; et al. (9 September 1994). "Reduced rate of disease development after HIV-2 infection as compared to HIV-1". Science. 265 (5178): 1587–1590. Bibcode:1994Sci...265.1587M. doi:10.1126/science.7915856. PMID   7915856.
  12. ↑ Abstracts 3103-7102. 1988.
  13. ↑ "Professor Souleymane MBOUP – Global Research and Advocacy Group" (in French). Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  14. ↑ Boston, 677 Huntington Avenue; Ma 02115 +1495-1000 (26 March 2015). "Timeline". Harvard AIDS Initiative. Retrieved 17 June 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. 1 2 Quist-Arcton, Ofeibea (5 July 2001). "Senegal: 'This Is My Whole Life'- A Scientist's Dedication To Defeating AIDS". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  16. ↑ "Former IAS Governing Council Members". www.iasociety.org. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  17. 1 2 3 "Team Senegal". Prolifica. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  18. ↑ AIDS in Africa. Essex, Myron. (2nd ed.). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 2002. ISBN   0-306-47817-X. OCLC   614686047.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  19. ↑ Travers, Karin, et al. “Natural Protection Against HIV-1 Infection Provided by HIV-2.” Science, vol. 268, no. 5217, 1995, pp. 1612–1615. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2888631. Accessed 6 June 2020.
  20. ↑ Popper, Stephen J., et al. “Lower Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 2 Viral Load Reflects the Difference in Pathogenicity of HIV-1 and HIV-2.” The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 180, no. 4, 1999, pp. 1116–1121. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/30109911. Accessed 6 June 2020.
  21. ↑ "EDCTP Prizes 2018". EDCTP. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  22. ↑ "The Senegalese Order of Merit and the National Order of Lion". www.presidence.sn. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  23. ↑ News, Xalima (22 March 2014). "Professeur Souleymane Mboup: Une nouvelle distinction dans son palmarès". Xalima.com (in French). Retrieved 1 July 2020.{{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
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