Soybean vein necrosis orthotospovirus

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Soybean vein necrosis orthotospovirus
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Ellioviricetes
Order: Bunyavirales
Family: Tospoviridae
Genus: Orthotospovirus
Species:
Soybean vein necrosis orthotospovirus
Synonyms
  • Soybean vein necrosis virus

Soybean vein necrosis orthotospovirus (SVNV, previously: Soybean vein necrosis associated virus SVNaV) is a plant pathogenic virus of soybeans (Glycine max). SVNV is a relatively new virus, which was discovered in Tennessee in 2008 and has recently been found in many US states from the Southeast and East coast to some western states including CA. [1] [2] [3] This pathogen initially causes intraveinal chlorosis (yellowing) in leaves. This chlorosis then spreads throughout the leaf and eventually these chlorotic areas can become necrotic. [4] It is a member of the order Bunyavirales , family Tospoviridae and genus Orthotospovirus , which is the only genus within this virus family that infects plants. Like other members of Bunyavirales, this virus is enveloped and has a negative sense single-stranded RNA (−ssRNA) genome composed of three genomic segments (S, M, and L). It encodes proteins on the M and S segments in an ambisense manner.

Contents

Genome

The genome of SVNV is a negative sense single stranded RNA virus (Group V) that has three segments (S, M, and L segments). The L segment is 9010 nt and encodes for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The M segment is 4955 nt and to encode for NSm and GN/GC proteins. The S segment is 2603 nt and encodes the N and NSs proteins. This virus codes proteins from the M and S segments in an ambisense manner, meaning that proteins are translated from both positive and negative sense RNA. There is preliminary evidence to suggest low diversity within SVNV. [3] These proteins occur in all members of the Tospovirus genus, and likely serve similar functions within SVNV as they do for Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV). The RdRp aids in replication and transcription of the RNA. [5] The NSm protein is a non-structural protein (not present in mature virion) and is critical to cell-to-cell movement within plant cells (8). The NSs protein is also a non-structural protein and contributes to suppression of RNA silencing during plant infection. [5] Glycoproteins (GN/GC) are necessary for successful thrips transmission. [6] The N protein contributes to viral replication, and coats the genomic RNA within the virion. [5] [6]

Transmission

Presently the soybean thrips (Neohydatothrips variabilis) is the only known vector of SVNV. [3] Research needs to be done to verify if this is the only thrips species capable of transmitting this new and widespread virus. This virus is believed to have a transmission cycle similar to other members of the Tospovirus genus. In TSWV, acquisition of the virus by the thrips vector can only occur during the larval stage of development by the thrips. From the larval stage the virus is passed transstadially to the adult stage. Adult thrips are then able via feeding to transmit the virus to the plant host. [5] It is important to keep in mind with this pathogen, as with all vectored pathogens, that behavior of the vector can contribute to the potential spread of the disease.

Agricultural importance

Agricultural importance remains to be assessed. Typically thrips feeding alone on soybean plants does not cause economic damage, however it may if the plant is under some other form of stress. The impact of SVNV in terms of yield loss has not yet been determined. Presently no other agronomic crops are known hosts for SVNV. [7]

Diagnosis

Symptoms associated with SVNV infection begin with vein clearing and then yellowing (chlorosis) in areas near veins. Chlorotic areas eventually can turn into red-brown lesions (necrotic lesions). [4] If the disease is severe enough leaves can fall off. [1] If a farmer believes they have SVNV in their field, they should send samples to their local extension office. To verify SVNV presence laboratories will likely use an ELISA or PCR method. [7]

Epidemiology

SVNV was first identified in Tennessee in 2008. Presently it has been detected in: AL, DE, IA, IL, KS, KY, MD, MS, MO, NY, PA, TN and WI. [1] [2] [3] Cultivars of soybeans have been shown to differ in expression of symptoms. Mildly impacted cultivars may only show thread-like vein clearing, whereas other cultivars may have necrosis that covers most of a given leaf [3] and in cases of severe necrosis these leaves can fall off. [1] Tentative testing indicates that Ipomoea hederacea (ivy leaf morning glory) may be another host of this virus, which may prove significant as this can be commonly found as a weed in soybean fields. [3]

This pathogen is an arbovirus, and therefore must be transmitted by a vector. A known vector of the virus is Sericothrips variablilis (soybean thrips). [2] Soybean thrips are found in many regions of the US including the Southeast, Midwest, East Coast, and AZ, CA, TX, and UT. [8] [9]

Portions of the virus that are believed to be critical for the spread of this virus, based on what is known for other members of the genus Tospovirus are the movement protein (NSm) and the glycoproteins (GC/GN). The Nsm protein is critical for cell-to-cell movement within plants. The glycoproteins (GC/GN) have been found to be necessary for thrips transmission. [6]

Management

Presently, there are no management recommendations. This is a relatively new disease and as such whether or not there is a significant yield impact remains to be determined. Thirps themselves do not typically cause economic damage on soybeans. [7] [10] Insecticide application targeting thrips for control of the pathogen is not presently recommended. [7] Land Grant universities’ extension (agricultural extension) websites should be monitored for new developments in management as this pathogen undergoes continued study.

Related Research Articles

<i>Bunyavirales</i> Order of RNA viruses

Bunyavirales is an order of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses with mainly tripartite genomes. Member viruses infect arthropods, plants, protozoans, and vertebrates. It is the only order in the class Ellioviricetes. The name Bunyavirales derives from Bunyamwera, where the original type species Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus was first discovered. Ellioviricetes is named in honor of late virologist Richard M. Elliott for his early work on bunyaviruses.

<i>Phlebovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Phlebovirus is one of twenty genera of the family Phenuiviridae in the order Bunyavirales. The genus contains 66 species. It derives its name from Phlebotominae, the vectors of member species Naples phlebovirus, which is said to be ultimately from the Greek phlebos, meaning "vein". The proper word for "vein" in ancient Greek is however phleps (φλέψ).

<i>Orthonairovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Orthonairovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Nairoviridae of the order Bunyavirales that include viruses with circular, negative-sense single stranded RNA. It got its name from the Nairobi sheep disease that affects the gastrointestinal tracts of sheep and goats. The vast majority, and perhaps all viruses in this genus are tick-borne viruses that can have human or other vertebrate hosts.

<i>Orthobunyavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Orthobunyavirus is a genus of the Peribunyaviridae family in the order Bunyavirales. There are currently ~170 viruses recognised in this genus. These have been assembled into 103 species and 20 serogroups.

Rice hoja blanca tenuivirus (RHBV), Spanish for "white leaf rice virus", is a plant virus in the family Phenuiviridae. RHBV causes Hoja blanca disease (HBD), which affects the leaves of the rice plant Oryza sativa, stunting the growth of the plant or killing it altogether. RHBV is carried by an insect vector, Tagosodes orizicolus, a type of planthopper. The virus is found in South America, Mexico, throughout Central America, the Caribbean region, and the southern United States. In South America, the disease is endemic to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Suriname, French Guiana and Guyana.

Black raspberry necrosis virus (BRNV) is a plant pathogen virus of the genus Sadwavirus found in black raspberries (rubus occidentalis). The virus causes leaf chlorosis, mottling and puckering. Affected plants typically fail to yield fruits after three to four years.

<i>Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus</i> Species of virus

Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus(INSV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the order Bunyavirales. It was originally believed to be another strain of Tomato spotted wilt virus, but genetic investigations revealed them to be separate viruses. It is a negative-strand RNA virus which has a tripartite genome. It is largely spread by the insect vector of the western flower thrips. The virus infects more than 648 species of plants including important horticultural and agricultural species such as fuchsia, tomato, orchids, and lettuce (especially romaine). As the name implies, the main symptom on plants is necrotic spots that appear on the leaves. The INSV virus infects by injecting the RNA the virus contains into the cell which then starts using the cell resources to transcribe what the virus RNA states. Viral infection can often result in the death of the plant. The disease is mainly controlled by the elimination of the western flower thrip vector and by destroying any infected plant material.

Potato virus X (PVX) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Alphaflexiviridae and the order Tymovirales.

Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus is a rod-shaped plant pathogen that can cause severe stunting and mosaic in susceptible wheat, barley and rye cultivars. The disease has often been misdiagnosed as a nutritional problem, but this has actually allowed in part for the fortuitous visual selection by breeding programs of resistant genotypes. Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus is part of the genus Furovirus. Members of this genus are characterized by rigid rod-shaped particles and positive sense RNA genomes consisting of two molecules that are packaged into separate particles that code for either replication, mobility, structure or defense against the host. The virus is spread by a fungal-like protist, Polymyxa graminis, whose asexual secondary and sexual primary cycles help the virus spread. The disease produces secondary symptoms from the root cell infection. The disease is a serious contributor to loss in crop yield.

<i>Tobacco streak virus</i> Species of virus

Tobacco streak virus (TSV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Bromoviridae, in the genus Ilarvirus. It has a wide host range, with at least 200 susceptible species. TSV is generally more problematic in the tropics or warmer climates. TSV does not generally lead to epidemics, with the exception of sunflowers in India and Australia, and peanuts in India.

<i>Soybean mosaic virus</i> Plant disease

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a member of the plant virus genus Potyvirus. It infects mainly plants belonging to the family Fabaceae but has also been found infecting other economically important crops. SMV is the cause of soybean mosaic disease that occurs in all the soybean production areas of the world. Soybean is one of the most important sources of edible oil and proteins and pathogenic infections are responsible for annual yield losses of about $4 billion in the United States. Among these pathogens, SMV is the most important and prevalent viral pathogen in soybean production worldwide. It causes yield reductions of about 8% to 35%, but losses as high as 94% have been reported.

<i>Benyvirus</i> Genus of viruses

Benyvirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Benyviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: BNYVV: rhizomania.

<i>Orthotospovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Orthotospovirus is a genus of negative-strand RNA viruses, in the family Tospoviridae of the order Bunyavirales, which infects plants. Tospoviruses take their name from the species Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) which was discovered in Australia in 1919. TSWV remained the only known member of the family until the early 1990s when genetic characterisation of plant viruses became more common. There are now at least twenty species in the genus with more being discovered on a regular basis. Member viruses infect over eight hundred plant species from 82 different families.

Dabie bandavirus, also called SFTS virus, is a tick-borne virus in the genus Bandavirus in the family Phenuiviridae, order Bunyavirales. The clinical condition it caused is known as severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). SFTS is an emerging infectious disease that was first described in northeast and central China 2009 and now has also been discovered in Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and Taiwan in 2015. SFTS has a fatality rate of 12% and as high as over 30% in some areas. The major clinical symptoms of SFTS are fever, vomiting, diarrhea, multiple organ failure, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and elevated liver enzyme levels. Another outbreak occurred in East China in the early half of 2020.

<i>Fig mosaic emaravirus</i> Species of virus

Fig mosaic emaravirus (FMV) is a segmented, negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus that is determined to be the causal agent of fig mosaic disease (FMD) in fig plants, Ficus carica. It is a member of the genus Emaravirus and order Bunyavirales and is transmitted mainly by the eriophyid mite Aceria ficus. FMV can cause a range of symptoms varying in severity, including leaf chlorosis, deformity, and mosaic or discoloration patterns, as well as premature fruit drop.

Tahyna orthobunyavirus ("TAHV") is a viral pathogen of humans classified in the California encephalitis virus (CEV) serogroup of the Orthobunyavirus family in the order Bunyavirales, which is endemic to Europe, Asia, Africa and possibly China.

Batai orthobunyavirus (BATV) is a RNA virus belonging to order Bunyavirales, genus Orthobunyavirus.

Phasmaviridae is a family of viruses with negative stranded RNA genomes associated with insect hosts. They are a member of the order Bunyavirales. Phasmaviruses were first discovered in phantom midges of the genus Chaoborus in 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus</span> Species of virus

Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) is a spherical negative-sense RNA virus. Transmitted by thrips, it causes serious losses in economically important crops and it is one of the most economically devastating plant viruses in the world.

<i>Blueberry mosaic associated ophiovirus</i> Species of virus

The Blueberry mosaic associated ophiovirus (B1MaV) is a plant virus which infects blueberry plants, causing a discoloration of the leaves of the plants in a mosaic-like pattern. The disease is found in blueberry plants in many regions of North America, as well as South America, Europe, New Zealand, and South Africa. Within these regions the virus is most often found in high blueberry-yielding areas, but can be spread to other locations. Blueberry mosaic associatedophiovirus is one of seven species in the genus Ophiovirus. It is a member of the Aspiviridae family, in the Serpentovirales order, and in the Milnevircetes class. The Ophioviridae viruses are characterized by a flexible and elongated nucleocapsid that is composed mostly of filamentous structures and is helically symmetrical. It also has a non-enveloped protein capsid that is capable of coiling around itself allowing for a super-coiled structure and the helical symmetry. The virus has the potential to be symptomatic or asymptomatic within plants causing the display of symptoms in only a few plants, but the ability to transmit the virus unknowingly in many plants. B1MaV often remains asymptomatic for long periods of time after initial infection allowing for blind transmission.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Zhou, J.; Kantartzi, S.; Wen, R.-H.; Newman, M.; Hajimorad, M.; Rupe, J.; Tzanetakis, I. (2011). "Molecular Characterization of a New Tospovirus Infecting Soybean". Virus Genes. 43 (2): 289–295. doi:10.1007/s11262-011-0621-9. PMID   21604150. S2CID   41926595.
  2. 1 2 3 Smith, D.; Fritz, C.; Watson, Q.; Willis, D.; German, T.; Phibbs, A.; Mueller, D.; Dittman, J.; Saalau-Rojas, E.; Whitman, S. (May 2013). "First Report of Soybean vein necrosis associated virus in Wisconsin and Iowa". Plant Disease. 97 (5): 693. doi: 10.1094/pdis-11-12-1096-pdn . PMID   30722207.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zhou, Jing; Tzanetakis, Ioannis (2013). "Epidemiology of Soybean vein necrosis-associated virus". Phytopathology. 103 (9): 966–971. doi: 10.1094/phyto-12-12-0322-r . PMID   23550970.
  4. 1 2 "Soybean Vein Necrosis associated Virus (SVNaV) - Field Crop Pathology". fieldcroppathology.msu.edu. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Whitfield, Anna; Ullman, Diane; German, Thomas (2005). "Tospovirus-Thrips Interactions". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 43: 459–489. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140017. PMID   16078892.
  6. 1 2 3 Hogenhout, Saskia; Ammar, El-Desouky; Whitfield, Anna; Redinbaugh, Margaret (2008). "Insect Vector Interaction with Persistently Transmitted Viruses" (PDF). Annual Review of Phytopathology. 46: 327–359. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.022508.092135. PMID   18680428. S2CID   207613886. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-21.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Bloomingdale, Chris; et al. "Soybean disease management: Soybean vein necrosis virus" (PDF). Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  8. ↑ "Integrated Pest Management | NC State Extension".
  9. ↑ "Integrated Pest Management | NC State Extension".
  10. ↑ "August 29, 2014- Issue 20, Pest & Crop Newsletter, Entomology Extension, Purdue University".
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