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Gibberella zeae, also known by the name of its anamorph Fusarium graminearum, is a fungal plant pathogen which causes fusarium head blight, a devastating disease on wheat and barley. The pathogen is responsible for billions of dollars in economic losses worldwide each year. Infection causes shifts in the amino acid composition of wheat, resulting in shriveled kernels and contaminating the remaining grain with mycotoxins, mainly deoxynivalenol, which inhibits protein biosynthesis; and zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin. These toxins cause vomiting, liver damage, and reproductive defects in livestock, and are harmful to humans through contaminated food. Despite great efforts to find resistance genes against F. graminearum, no completely resistant variety is currently available. Research on the biology of F. graminearum is directed towards gaining insight into more details about the infection process and reveal weak spots in the life cycle of this pathogen to develop fungicides that can protect wheat from scab infection.
Leucania zeae is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in North Africa, southern Europe, Turkey, Israel, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, central Asia and western China.
Grey leaf spot (GLS) is a foliar fungal disease that affects maize, also known as corn. GLS is considered one of the most significant yield-limiting diseases of corn worldwide. There are two fungal pathogens that cause GLS: Cercospora zeae-maydis and Cercospora zeina. Symptoms seen on corn include leaf lesions, discoloration (chlorosis), and foliar blight. Distinct symptoms of GLS are rectangular, brown to gray necrotic lesions that run parallel to the leaf, spanning the spaces between the secondary leaf veins. The fungus survives in the debris of topsoil and infects healthy crop via asexual spores called conidia. Environmental conditions that best suit infection and growth include moist, humid, and warm climates. Poor airflow, low sunlight, overcrowding, improper soil nutrient and irrigation management, and poor soil drainage can all contribute to the propagation of the disease. Management techniques include crop resistance, crop rotation, residue management, use of fungicides, and weed control. The purpose of disease management is to prevent the amount of secondary disease cycles as well as to protect leaf area from damage prior to grain formation. Corn grey leaf spot is an important disease of corn production in the United States, economically significant throughout the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic regions. However, it is also prevalent in Africa, Central America, China, Europe, India, Mexico, the Philippines, northern South America, and Southeast Asia. The teleomorph of Cercospora zeae-maydis is assumed to be Mycosphaerella sp.
Heterodera zeae, the corn cyst nematode (CCN), is a plant parasitic nematode that feeds on Zea mays (maize/corn). The CCN has a limited economic impact worldwide due to its high soil temperature requirements.
Sphingobacterium is a genus in the family Sphingobacteriaceae. The genus Sphingobacterium is characterized by the high concentrations of sphingophospholipids as lipid components.
Nocardioides zeae is a Gram-positive and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Nocardioides which has been isolated from the internal stem tissue of a corn plant from the Smith Research Center in Tallassee in the United States. The major menaquinone of Nocardioides zeae is MK-8(H4).
Sphingobacterium anhuiense is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from forest soil in the Anhui province in China.
Sphingobacterium changzhouense is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from soil from a rice field in Jiangsu in China.
Sphingobacterium cladoniae is a Gram-negative and strictly aerobic bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from the lichen cladonia from the Geogeum Island in Korea.
Sphingobacterium composti is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, short rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from cotton waste compost in Korea.
Sphingobacterium faecium is a bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from the feces of the cattle Bos sprunigenius taurus.
Sphingobacterium hotanense is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from the Populus euphratica forest from the Hotan River valley in China.
Sphingobacterium kitahiroshimense is a Gram-negative, exopolysaccharide-degrading, strictly aerobic and chemoheterotrophic bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from soil from the city Kitahiroshima on Japan.
Sphingobacterium nematocida is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from the tobacco-plant Nicotiana tabacum in Yuxi in China.
Sphingobacterium paludis is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from soil from the Xixi wetland in China.
Sphingobacterium shayense is a bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from forest soil from a Populus euphratica forest in Xinjiang in China.
Sphingobacterium thermophilum is a Gram-negative and strictly aerobic bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from compost.
Sphingobacterium wenxiniae is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has b een isolated from activated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant in China. Sphingobacterium wenxiniae has the ability to degrade cypermethrin.
Sphingobacterium yanglingense is a Gram-negative and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from the root nodule surface of a soybean in Yangling in China.
Sphingobacterium cibie is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from food-waste compost.
References
- 1 2 Parte, A.C. "Sphingobacterium". LPSN .
- 1 2 "Sphingobacterium zeae". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ Glaeser, Stefanie P.; Kämpfer, Peter; Kleinhagauer, Tanita; McInroy, John A.; Busse, Hans-Jürgen (1 July 2016). "Sphingobacterium zeae sp. nov., an endophyte of maize". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (7): 2643–2649. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001100 . PMID 27098598.