Related Research Articles
The Hedgehog signaling pathway is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper cell differentiation. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins. The pathway also has roles in the adult. Diseases associated with the malfunction of this pathway include cancer.
Flamingo is a member of the adhesion-GPCR family of proteins. Flamingo has sequence homology to cadherins and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Flamingo was originally identified as a Drosophila protein involved in planar cell polarity. Mammals have three flamingo homologs, CELSR1, CELSR2, CELSR3. In mice, all three have distinct expression patterns in organs such as the kidney, skin, and lungs, as well as the brain.
Prickle is also known as REST/NRSF-interacting LIM domain protein, which is a putative nuclear translocation receptor. Prickle is part of the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway that establishes planar cell polarity. A gain or loss of function of Prickle1 causes defects in the convergent extension movements of gastrulation. In epithelial cells, Prickle2 establishes and maintains cell apical/basal polarity. Prickle1 plays an important role in the development of the nervous system by regulating the movement of nerve cells.
An asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. This is in contrast to symmetric cell divisions which give rise to daughter cells of equivalent fates. Notably, stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to two distinct daughter cells: one copy of the original stem cell as well as a second daughter programmed to differentiate into a non-stem cell fate.
Frizzled is a family of atypical G protein-coupled receptors that serve as receptors in the Wnt signaling pathway and other signaling pathways. When activated, Frizzled leads to activation of Dishevelled in the cytosol.
Glypicans constitute one of the two major families of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, with the other major family being syndecans. Six glypicans have been identified in mammals, and are referred to as GPC1 through GPC6. In Drosophila two glypicans have been identified, and these are referred to as dally and dally-like. One glypican has been identified in C. elegans. Glypicans seem to play a vital role in developmental morphogenesis, and have been suggested as regulators for the Wnt and Hedgehog cell signaling pathways. They have additionally been suggested as regulators for fibroblast growth factor and bone morphogenic protein signaling.
Zinc finger protein SNAI1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNAI1 gene. Snail is a family of transcription factors that promote the repression of the adhesion molecule E-cadherin to regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) during embryonic development.
Protein Wnt-3a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT3A gene.
ZIC3 is a member of the Zinc finger of the cerebellum (ZIC) protein family.
Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DVL3 gene.
Transcription factor HES-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HES5 gene.
Ras-related protein Rab-23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAB23 gene. Alternative splicing occurs at this gene locus and two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified.
Tyrosine-protein kinase-like 7 also known as colon carcinoma kinase 4 (CCK4) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that in humans is encoded by the PTK7 gene.
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is the protein-mediated signaling that coordinates the orientation of cells in a layer of epithelial tissue. In vertebrates, examples of mature PCP oriented tissue are the stereo-cilia bundles in the inner ear, motile cilia of the epithelium, and cell motility in epidermal wound healing. Additionally, PCP is known to be crucial to major developmental time points including coordinating convergent extension during gastrulation and coordinating cell behavior for neural tube closure. Cells orient themselves and their neighbors by establishing asymmetric expression of PCP components on opposing cell members within cells to establish and maintain the directionality of the cells. Some of these PCP components are transmembrane proteins which can proliferate the orientation signal to the surrounding cells.
Dishevelled (Dsh) is a family of proteins involved in canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways. Dsh is a cytoplasmic phosphoprotein that acts directly downstream of frizzled receptors. It takes its name from its initial discovery in flies, where a mutation in the dishevelled gene was observed to cause improper orientation of body and wing hairs. There are vertebrate homologs in zebrafish, Xenopus (Xdsh), mice and humans. Dsh relays complex Wnt signals in tissues and cells, in normal and abnormal contexts. It is thought to interact with the SPATS1 protein when regulating the Wnt Signalling pathway.
Patched (Ptc) is a conserved 12-pass transmembrane protein receptor that plays an obligate negative regulatory role in the Hedgehog signaling pathway in insects and vertebrates. Patched is an essential gene in embryogenesis for proper segmentation in the fly embryo, mutations in which may be embryonic lethal. Patched functions as the receptor for the Hedgehog protein and controls its spatial distribution, in part via endocytosis of bound Hedgehog protein, which is then targeted for lysosomal degradation.
Gooseberry (gsb) is a segment polarity gene located on chromosome 2 of the Drosophila genome. Gooseberry is known for its interactions with key embryonic signaling pathways Wingless and Hedgehog. The gene also has clinal significance, being linked to diseases such as Waardenburg Syndrome and rhabdomyosarcoma.
Prickle planar cell polarity protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRICKLE1 gene.
Prickle planar cell polarity protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRICKLE2 gene.
VANGL planar cell polarity protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VANGL2 gene.
References
- ↑ Wolff T, Rubin GM (March 1998). "Strabismus, a novel gene that regulates tissue polarity and cell fate decisions in Drosophila". Development. 125 (6): 1149–59. doi:10.1242/dev.125.6.1149. PMID 9463361.
- ↑ Bastock R, Strutt H, Strutt D (July 2003). "Strabismus is asymmetrically localised and binds to Prickle and Dishevelled during Drosophila planar polarity patterning". Development. 130 (13): 3007–14. doi: 10.1242/dev.00526 . PMID 12756182.
- ↑ Fanto M, McNeill H (February 2004). "Planar polarity from flies to vertebrates". J. Cell Sci. 117 (Pt 4): 527–33. doi:10.1242/jcs.00973. PMID 14730010.
- ↑ Darken RS, Scola AM, Rakeman AS, Das G, Mlodzik M, Wilson PA (March 2002). "The planar polarity gene strabismus regulates convergent extension movements in Xenopus". EMBO J. 21 (5): 976–85. doi:10.1093/emboj/21.5.976. PMC 125882 . PMID 11867525.
- ↑ Kibar Z, Torban E, McDearmid JR, Reynolds A, Berghout J, Mathieu M, Kirillova I, De Marco P, Merello E, Hayes JM, Wallingford JB, Drapeau P, Capra V, Gros P (2007). "Mutations in VANGL1 associated with neural-tube defects". N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (14): 1432–7. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa060651 . PMID 17409324.
- ↑ Yagyu R, Hamamoto R, Furukawa Y, Okabe H, Yamamura T, Nakamura Y (2002). "Isolation and characterization of a novel human gene, VANGL1, as a therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma". Int. J. Oncol. 20 (6): 1173–8. doi:10.3892/ijo.20.6.1173. PMID 12011995.
- ↑ Katoh M (2002). "Strabismus (STB)/Vang-like (VANGL) gene family". Int. J. Mol. Med. 10 (1): 11–5. doi:10.3892/ijmm.10.1.11. PMID 12060845.