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Hypertext fiction is a genre of electronic literature,characterized by the use of hypertext links that provide a new context for non-linearity in literature and reader interaction. The reader typically chooses links to move from one node of text to the next,and in this fashion arranges a story from a deeper pool of potential stories. Its spirit can also be seen in interactive fiction.
"The Garden of Forking Paths" is a 1941 short story by Argentine writer and poet Jorge Luis Borges. It is the title story in the collection El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan (1941),which was republished in its entirety in Ficciones (Fictions) in 1944. It was the first of Borges's works to be translated into English by Anthony Boucher when it appeared in Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine in August 1948.
Electronic literature or digital literature is a genre of literature where digital capabilities such as interactivity,multimodality or algorithmic text generation are used aesthetically. Works of electronic literature are usually intended to be read on digital devices,such as computers,tablets,and mobile phones. They cannot be easily printed,or cannot be printed at all,because elements crucial to the work cannot be carried over onto a printed version.
afternoon,a story,spelled with a lowercase 'a',is a work of electronic literature written in 1987 by American author Michael Joyce. It was published by Eastgate Systems in 1990 and is known as one of the first works of hypertext fiction.
George Paul Landow was Professor of English and Art History Emeritus at Brown University. He was a leading authority on Victorian literature,art,and culture,as well as a pioneer in criticism and theory of Electronic literature,hypertext and hypermedia. He also pioneered the use of hypertext and the web in higher education.
Patchwork Girl or a Modern Monster by Mary/Shelly and Herself is a work of electronic literature by American author Shelley Jackson. It was written in Storyspace and published by Eastgate Systems in 1995. It is often discussed along with Michael Joyce's afternoon,a story as an important work of hypertext fiction.
Victory Garden is a work of electronic literature by American author Stuart Moulthrop. It was written in StorySpace and first published by Eastgate Systems in 1991. Victory Garden is one of the earliest examples of hypertext novels,and is notable for being very inventive and influential in its genre. It is often discussed along with Michael Joyce's afternoon,a story as an important work of hypertext fiction.
Jay David Bolter is the Wesley Chair of New Media and a professor in the School of Literature,Media,and Communication at the Georgia Institute of Technology. His areas of study include the evolution of media,the use of technology in education,and the role of computers in the writing process. More recently,he has conducted research in the area of augmented reality and mixed media. Bolter collaborates with researchers in the Augmented Environments Lab,co-directed with Blair MacIntyre,to create apps for entertainment,cultural heritage and education for smart phones and tablets. This supports his theory regarding remediation where he discusses "all media functions as remediators and that remediation offers us a means of interpreting the work of earlier media as well".
Jane Yellowlees Douglas is a pioneer author and scholar of hypertext fiction. She began writing about hypermedia in the late 1980s,very early in the development of the medium. Her 1993 fiction I Have Said Nothing,was one of the first published works of hypertext fiction.
David Kolb is an American philosopher and the Charles A. Dana Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Bates College in Maine.
Eastgate Systems is a publisher and software company headquartered in Watertown,Massachusetts,which publishes hypertext.
Judy Malloy is an American poet whose works embrace the intersection of hypernarrative,magic realism,and information art. Beginning with Uncle Roger in 1986,Malloy has composed works in both new media literature and hypertext fiction. She was an early creator of online interactive and collaborative fiction on The WELL and the website ArtsWire.
Marjorie Coverley Luesebrink was an American writer,scholar,and teacher. Writing hypermedia fiction under the pen name M.D. Coverley,she is best known for her epic hypertext novels Califia (2000) and Egypt:The Book of Going Forth by Day (2006). A pioneer born-digital writer,she is part of the first generation of electronic literature authors that arose in the 1987–1997 period. She was a founding board member and past president of the Electronic Literature Organization and the first winner of the Electronic Literature Organization Career Achievement Award,which was named in her honor. Lusebrink was professor emeritus,School of Humanities and Languages at Irvine Valley College (IVC).
Dene (Rudyne)Grigar is a digital artist and scholar based in Vancouver,Washington. She was the President of the Electronic Literature Organization from 2013 to 2019. In 2016,Grigar received the International Digital Media and Arts Association's Lifetime Achievement Award.
"I Have Said Nothing" is an early work of hypertext fiction written by J. Yellowlees Douglas. In 1993 it was published by Eastgate Systems,Inc. in The Eastgate Quarterly Review of Hypertext,along with “Lust”by Mary-Kim Arnold. In 1997,Norton Anthology published an online version of the work,along with Michael Joyce's afternoon,a story as part of its print publication Norton Anthology of Postmodern American Fiction.
Richard Holeton is an American writer and higher-education administrator. Holeton's creative works are foundational in the hypertext and electronic literature genres. As a writer,his most notable work is the hypertext novel Figurski at Findhorn on Acid, which has been recognized as an important early work of electronic literature and is included in the hypertext canon.
Figurski at Findhorn on Acid is a hypertext novel by Richard Holeton published on CD-ROM by Eastgate Systems in 2001 and republished on the open web by the Electronic Literature Lab,Washington State University,in 2021. Re-Imagined Radio presented a radio interpretation of this novel in 2022 in which Holeton made an appearance. It is a work of interactive fiction with various paths for readers to choose from,an early example of electronic literature,and one of 23 works included in the literary hypertext canon.
Uncle Buddy's Phantom Funhouse is an early multimedia hypermedia text written by John McDaid and released by Eastgate Systems in 1993. The main portion of Funhouse was written for Macintosh's HyperCard app,but portions of the hypermedia novel are also contained in the original box. The use of transmedia storytelling,meta-fiction,and epistolary format makes this a potential early example of an alternate reality game.
The NEXT:Museum,Library,and Preservation Space is a repository of net art,electronic literature and games. It is supported by the Electronic Literature Lab,Washington State University at Vancouver and the Electronic Literature Organization. This is a digital museum dedicated to reviving and maintaining these works to make them accessible to all. Physical artifacts are held at the Electronic Literature Lab in Washington,US.
References
- ↑ "Stuart Moulthrop: The Iowa Review Web". archive.the-next.eliterature.org. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
- 1 2 "#ELRFEAT: Interview with Stuart Moulthrop (2011)". electronicliteraturereview. 2017-08-20. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
- ↑ Bernstein, Mark (2011-10-13). "Roots Of Electronic Literature". www.markbernstein.org. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
- ↑ "Stuart Moulthrop". Eastgate Systems . Retrieved 2024-02-26.
- 1 2 Douglas, J. Yellowlees (2000). The end of books or books without end ? reading interactive narratives. Ann Arbor (Mich.: University of Michigan press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-472-11114-5.
- ↑ Wardrip-Fruin, Noah; Montfort, Nick; Crumpton, Michael (2003). The NewMediaReader. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-23227-2.
- ↑ "The Challenges of Born-Digital Fiction: Editions, Translations, and Emulations: Interfaces of 1989 Edition & 2017 Emulation of Hyperbola". The Challenges of Born-Digital Fiction: Editions, Translations, and Emulations: The Multimedia Accompaniment to the Print Edition. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
- ↑ Grigar, Dene (2020). "The Persistence of Genius: The Case for Stuart Moulthrop's 'Victory Garden'". Rebooting Electronic Literature Volume 3: Documenting Pre-Web Born Digital Media. Electronic Literature Lab. doi:10.7273/8mwy-j433 . Retrieved 2024-02-25.
- ↑ Bell, Alice (2010). The possible worlds of hypertext fiction (Thesis). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 5. ISBN 9780230542556.
- ↑ Eskelinen, Markku (2012). Cybertext poetics: the critical landscape of new media literary theory. International texts in critical media aesthetics. London: Continuum. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-4411-2438-8.
