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The Sudetenland is the historical German name for the northern, southern, and western areas of former Czechoslovakia which were inhabited primarily by Sudeten Germans. These German speakers had predominated in the border districts of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia since the Middle Ages. Since the 9th century the Sudetenland had been an integral part of the Czech state both geographically and politically.
The First Czechoslovak Republic emerged from the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in October 1918. The new state consisted mostly of territories inhabited by Czechs and Slovaks, but also included areas containing majority populations of other nationalities, particularly Germans (22.95 %), who accounted for more citizens than the state's second state nation of the Slovaks, Hungarians (5.47 %) and Ruthenians (3.39 %). The new state comprised the total of Bohemia whose borders did not coincide with the language border between German and Czech. Despite initially developing effective representative institutions alongside a successful economy, the deteriorating international economic situation in the 1930s gave rise to growing ethnic tensions. The dispute between the Czech and German populations, fanned by the rise of Nazism in neighbouring Germany, resulted in the loss of territory under the terms of the Munich Agreement and subsequent events in the autumn of 1938, bringing about the end of the First Republic.
Konrad Ernst Eduard Henlein was a Sudeten German politician in Czechoslovakia prior to World War II and the Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter of the Reichsgau Sudetenland during the occupation of Nazi Germany.
The Sudeten German Party was created by Konrad Henlein under the name Sudetendeutsche Heimatfront on 1 October 1933, some months after the First Czechoslovak Republic had outlawed the German National Socialist Workers' Party. In April 1935, the party was renamed Sudetendeutsche Partei following a mandatory demand of the Czechoslovak government. The name was officially changed to Sudeten German and Carpathian German Party in November 1935.
German Bohemians, later known as Sudeten Germans, were ethnic Germans living in the Czech lands of the Bohemian Crown, which later became an integral part of Czechoslovakia. Before 1945, over three million German Bohemians constituted about 23% of the population of the whole country and about 29.5% of the population of Bohemia and Moravia. Ethnic Germans migrated into the Kingdom of Bohemia, an electoral territory of the Holy Roman Empire, from the 11th century, mostly in the border regions of what was later called the "Sudetenland", which was named after the Sudeten Mountains.
The German Social Democratic Workers' Party in the Czechoslovak Republic was a German social democratic party in Czechoslovakia, founded when the Bohemian provincial organization of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria separated itself from the mother party. The founding convention was held in Teplice from 30 August – 3 September 1919; the first leader of the party was Josef Seliger.
Parliamentary elections were held in Czechoslovakia on 27 October 1929. The Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants, emerged as the largest party, winning 46 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 24 seats in the Senate. Voter turnout was 90.2% in the Chamber election and 78.8% for the Senate. The rightward shift of the 1925 elections was reversed, with moderate centre-left groups increasing their vote shares whilst the Communist Party suffered a set-back.
Wenzel Jaksch was a Sudeten German Social Democrat politician and the president of the Federation of Expellees in 1964 to 1966.
The German Electoral Coalition was a political alliance in Czechoslovakia representing Sudeten Germans.
Ernst Paul (1897–1978) was a Sudeten German Social Democratic politician and journalist.
The Česká Lípa 5th electoral district was a parliamentary constituency in Czechoslovakia. It was one of two parliamentary constituencies with an overwhelming ethnic German majority amongst the voters. The Česká Lípa 5th electoral district elected 13 members of the Chamber of Deputies. In February 1921, the Czechoslovak authorities estimated that the electoral district had a total population of 564,449.
Parliamentary elections in the First Czechoslovak Republic were held in 1920, 1925, 1929 and 1935. The Czechoslovak National Assembly consisted of two chambers, the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, both elected through universal suffrage. During the First Republic, many political parties struggled for political influence and only once did a single party muster a quarter of the national vote. Parties were generally set up along ethnic lines.
The German People's Group in Czecho-Slovakia was a German minority political party in the Second Czechoslovak Republic from 30 October 1938 to March 1939.
The Carpathian German Party was a political party in Czechoslovakia, active amongst the Carpathian German minority of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus'. It began as a bourgeois centrist party, but after teaming up with the Sudeten German Party in 1933 it developed in a National Socialist orientation.
Franz Karmasin was an ethnic German politician in Czechoslovakia, who helped found the Carpathian German Party. During World War II he was state secretary of German affairs in the Slovak Republic, and rose to the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer.
The Jihlava 10th electoral district was a parliamentary constituency in the First Czechoslovak Republic for elections to the Chamber of Deputies. The seat of the District Electoral Commission was in the town of Jihlava. The constituency elected 9 members of the Chamber of Deputies.
The German Party was a Nazi political party active amongst the German minority in Slovakia from 1938 to 1945.
Karl Kreibich, also known as Karel Kreibich, was a Sudeten German communist politician and author in Czechoslovakia. Kreibich emerged as the main leader of the revolutionary socialist movement amongst German workers in Bohemia after the First World War. He was a leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and a functionary of the Communist International. During the First Czechoslovak Republic, he was elected to parliament thrice. During the Second World War he was part of the exiled Czechoslovak State Council, based in London. After the war he served as Czechoslovak ambassador to the Soviet Union.
Bund deutscher Gewerkschaften was a German völkisch trade union centre in Czechoslovakia. The organization was founded in 1934. Politically it was linked to the German National Party. It had its headquarters in Tetschen. Its main union was the Deutsche Arbeitnehmergewerkschaft, Tetschen. D.A.N.T. had 6,278 members as of around 1934.
Richard Knorre was a Sudeten German politician.
References
- 1 2 Andreas Luh (1988). Veröffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum. R. Olderbourg Verlag. p. 114. ISBN 9783486544312.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mads Ole Balling (1991). Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei. Dokumentation Verlag. p. 277. ISBN 978-87-983829-3-5.
- ↑ Jörg Kracik (1999). Die Politik des deutschen Aktivismus in der Tschechoslowakei, 1920-1938. P. Lang. p. 239. ISBN 978-3-631-34672-3.
